<p>East Wheeling Historic District is a national historic district located at Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. The district encompasses 300 contributing buildings and one contributing site, including the Monroe Street East Historic District. The district is primarily residential, developed in the late-19th and early-20th century. A number of popular architectural styles are represented including Greek Revival and Gothic Revival. Notable non-residential buildings include St. Joseph Cathedral , former Hazel Atlas Company building , Scottish Rite Temple designed by noted Wheeling architect Frederick F. Faris , Elks Building, and YMCA , also designed by Faris. The contributing site is Elk Playground. Also located in the district are the separately listed L. S. Good House, Charles W. Russell House, and Cathedral Parish School.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Woodsdale–Edgewood Neighborhood Historic District is a national historic district located at Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. The district encompasses 969 contributing buildings and is primarily residential, developed between 1888 and 1945. A number of popular architectural styles are represented including Shingle Style, Queen Anne, Tudor Revival, American Foursquare, Colonial Revival and Bungalow style. The district also includes four Lustron houses. Notable non-residential buildings include the Edgwood Christian Mission Alliance Church , St. John&#39;s , Mount Carmel Monastery  designed by Frederick F. Faris , and Good Shepherd Home . Also located in the district are the separately listed H. C. Ogden House and William Miles Tiernan House.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Wheeling Historic District, also known as the Wheeling Central Business District, is a national historic district located at Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. The district includes 205 contributing buildings in the central business district of Wheeling. It includes the site of the original location of Fort Henry. The buildings are representative of a number of popular architectural styles from the early-19th century through the present including Greek Revival and Late Victorian. The District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Contributing buildings in the district include:</p><br>
<p>United States Custom House (1859)</p><br>
<p>United States Courthouse, Custom House, and Post Office (1905)</p><br>
<p>St. Matthew&#39;s Church and Rectory (c. 1892)</p><br>
<p>Thomas Paull House (c. 1835)</p><br>
<p>English Lutheran Church (1897) designed by Franzheim, Greisey, and Faris</p><br>
<p>First United Presbyterian Church (1825)</p><br>
<p>City Bank Building (c. 1890) also designed by Franzheim, Greisey, and Faris</p><br>
<p>Bank of Wheeling (1892) also designed by Franzheim, Greisey, and Faris,</p><br>
<p>Capitol Theatre (1928), designed by Charles W. Bates</p><br>
<p>Medical Tower Building (1915)</p><br>
<p>Joseph Speidel & Company Building</p><br>
<p>It also includes the West Virginia Independence Hall and Baltimore and Ohio Passenger Terminal (1907-1908), which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as individual buildings.</p><br>
<p>Wheeling Island Historic District is a national historic district located on Wheeling Island in Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. The district includes 1,110 contributing buildings, 5 contributing sites, 2 contributing structures, and 3 contributing objects. It is a largely residential district consisting of two-story, frame detached dwellings built in the mid- to late-19th and early-20th century, including the Irwin-Brues House  and a number of houses on Zane Street. The houses are representative of a number of popular architectural styles including Bungalow, Italianate, Queen Anne, and Colonial Revival. Notable non-residential contributing properties include the Exposition Building , Thompson United Methodist Church , Madison School , firehouse , the Bridgeport Bridge , the Aetnaville Bridge , "The Marina," Wheeling Island Baseball Park, and "Belle Island Park." It includes the separately listed Wheeling Suspension Bridge, Harry C. and Jessie F. Franzheim House, and John McLure House.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Wheeling Warehouse Historic District is a national historic district located at Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. The district includes 20 contributing buildings and 11 contributing structures. They are warehouses and commercial style buildings and structures between Main Street and the Ohio River. All of the buildings date to the late-19th and early-20th century. The warehouses are mostly two- and three-story masonry buildings. The two-story commercial buildings have storefronts on the first floor and residential units above. Notable buildings and structures include the Pump Store , Wheeling Stamping Plant , Allied Plate Glass , Warwick China , Boury Warehouse , Ott-Heiskell Company , Edward Wagner Wholesale Grocers building , the Moderne style former Greyhound Bus Station, and Main Street Bridge .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Highland Park Historic District is a national historic district located at Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. The residential district includes 12 contributing buildings in the Highland Park subdivision. The houses were built on 18 lots carved from the former farm of Oliver Pryor between 1899 and 1939, and are representative of popular architectural styles during that period. The district includes the original farmhouse, known as the Pryor-Wilson House, built about 1852 with additions and modifications through 1922. The district boundaries encompass an area that once included a stone entrance and two homes designed by noted Wheeling architect Frederick F. Faris . The residents of Highland Park were prominent in the areas of steel, insurance, law, hardware, real estate, and banking.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Old House is a former farmhouse in Harrietsham, Kent, built around 1500 and described as "unusually well preserved".</p><br>
<p>The house is a two-storey timber framed structure with a steeply pitched plain tiled hipped roof. The right and left ends of the front façade and the two end façades are jettied with moulded bressumer beams carrying the load of the upper floor. Windows of various sizes and dates provide illumination to the interior. Internally, the roof structure is formed of tie beams and crown posts, one of which is octagonal with mouldings. The stairs are original and the hall wall shows smoke blackening from the time before the construction of the chimney when open hearths and roof apertures were used in this type of building.</p><br>
<p>The house is a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>Wallalute Falls is a large waterfall located on Compass Creek on the north slopes of Mount Hood in the Hood River County, Oregon, at an elevation of 4,879 ft. For many years maps have mislabeled the location of Wallalute Falls locating it on the Eliot Branch of the West Fork Hood River, one canyon over from Compass Creek where it is still labeled on maps today. Historical documentation in Jack Grauer&#39;s book "A Complete History of Mt Hood" however provides 1890s era photos of two waterfalls located in this area, one labeled Wallalute and one labeled "Strawnahans"  where only "Strawnahans" falls is a photographic match to the actual waterfall located on the Eliot Branch visible from the Cloud Cap road at a place called Inspiration Point.</p><br>
<p>Photos published on Internet hiking forum Portlandhikers.org in 2011 have provided the first modern documented photographs of the large falls located on Compass Creek. According to Jack Grauers book, the original name of the falls on the Eliot Branch is "Strawnahans" Falls but the photograph captioned "Wallalute" Falls had no modern photographic match. Photographs taken during the provided an exact match of the largest waterfall located on Compass Creek to the 1890s era photograph labeled Wallalute Falls proving a misnaming of the maps has occurred.</p><br>
<p>The name Wallalute is a local Native American name meaning "strong water" and chosen as the name for the large falls on Compass Creek by local pioneer Ann Lang.</p><br>
<p>The actual height of Wallalute Falls on Compass Creek is yet unknown. There is another smaller waterfall just downstream of the original Wallalute historically named Canon Balls Falls located adjacent to a place referenced as "Adam&#39;s Hole". Shortly after 2011 explorations of Compass Creek canyon, lightning strike ignited a large forest fire called The Dollar Lake Fire that burned most of this canyon.</p><br>
<p>Kazhuveli is the second largest brackish water lake in South India located in Tindivanam taluk of Villupuram district of the state of Tamil Nadu. It is about 18 km north of Pondicherry. The tank lies adjacent to the Bay of Bengal along the East Coast Road and encompasses about 15 villages with a catchment area of 4,722 ha. Kazhuveli is an old mangrove forest, which has been degraded over period of time. The entire ecosystem of this wetland is completely destroyed and denuded due to human inference, chiefly, the establishment of salt pans and overfishing. It is one of the prioritized wetlands of Tamil Nadu. It is also one of the 94 identified wetlands under National Wetland Conservation and Management Programme  operationalised by the Government of India in 1985-86 along with Point Calimere and Pallikaranai Marsh in the state of Tamil Nadu. A total of 196 minor irrigation tanks and ponds drains into the Kazhuveli wetlands. Out of the total area of 740 km, 47.22 km has been declared as protected area under Section 26 of Tamil Nadu Forest Act. In the northern parts where brackish water could be found, attempts are made to dig up channels in fish-bone design and mangroves species such as rhizhophora and avicennia have been planted in extents varying from 50 to 100 ha annually. In the southernmost portions where seasonal water flow is available, plantations have been raised in total barren areas with appropriate species through schemes such as Tamil Nadu Afforestation Project and the National Afforestation Project. Various conservations tasks such as bio-upgradation, eco-development, community development works, protection, monitoring and evaluation are being implemented and seminars and workshops are being conducted since 2007 under the NWCMP.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hope is a massive mountain rising to 2,860 m, forming the central and highest peak of the Eternity Range in northern Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.</p><br>
<h2>Names</h2><br>
<p>It was first seen from the air and named Mount Hope by Lincoln Ellsworth during his flights of November 21 and 23, 1935. This mountain is one of three major mountains in Ellsworth&#39;s Eternity Range to which he gave the names Faith, Hope, and Charity.</p><br>
<p>The November of the following year the mountain was surveyed and given the name "Mount Wakefield" by J.R. Rymill of the British Graham Land Expedition. The feature was subsequently photographed from the air by the United States Antarctic Service in September 1940, and by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in December 1947. A careful study of the reports, maps, and photographs of these expeditions, as well as an additional survey of the area by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1960, has led to the conclusion that Ellsworths Mount Hope and Rymills Mount Wakefield are synonymous. For the sake of historical continuity the name Mount Hope has been retained for this mountain (the name Wakefield has been transferred to Wakefield Highland located close northwestward).</p><br>
<p>Circleville School is a historic school building located at Circleville, Pendleton County, West Virginia. It was designed by architect Ernest C. S. Holmboe and built in 1937-1938, as a project of the federal Works Progress Administration . The two-story masonry building is in the Georgian Revival style. It was built on the foundation of a previous school destroyed by fire. The front facade features a two-story pedimented projecting pavilion emphasized by large Doric order pilasters. It is constructed of hollow tile block with a red brick veneer. The truncated hipped roof is topped by a wooden cupola.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the school was authorized by Franklin Delano Roosevelt in May 1937, making it one of the last buildings, if not the last building, constructed through the WPA. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Today the school functions as a community center. It houses a commercial kitchen, workout center, and a few small businesses. It is also used for community events such as square dances and Chamber of Commerce dinners.</p><br>
<p>The John Ford Home  is a historic landmark located in Marion County, Mississippi, approximately 20 miles south of the city of Columbia, near the community of Sandy Hook. Built in 1809 by an early settler of the area, Reverend John Ford, the home is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places as an example of an "elevated frontier-style" structure that was common at the time in the Mississippi Valley along the Pearl River. The home is currently preserved by the Marion County Historical Society, and is available for public view.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Reverend John Ford, an early settler of Marion County, Mississippi, built an elevated frontier-style home in 1809, 20 miles south of Columbia, Mississippi, on a parcel of land that would eventually encompass approximately 2,000 acres. Ford and his wife made their home available to travelers, most notably General Andrew Jackson who stayed in the Fords home in 1814 in advance of his involvement in the Battle of New Orleans. Fords home was the site of two Mississippi Methodist Conferences in 1814 and 1818, and the Pearl River Convention on statehood. The home was purchased by the Marion County Historical Society in 1962, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The John Ford Home is preserved in its original condition by the Marion County Historical Society, and is available for public view by appointment.</p><br>
<p>McCoy Mill is a historic grist mill located near Franklin, Pendleton County, West Virginia. It was built in 1845, with a late 19th-early 20th century addition. It replaced a mill that operated on the site as early as 1766. It is a 2 1/2-story, "T"-shaped, frame building. General William McCoy , owned an earlier mill on the site.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>McCoy’s Mill, located along USA 220 three miles south of Franklin, is one of West Virginia’s oldest landmarks. Framed by the rugged mountains of Pendleton County, the mill employed generations of millers, drawing its water power from Thorn Creek just before the creek empties into the South Branch of the Potomac River.</p><br>
<p>The first mill on this site was built about the time of the French and Indian War by Ulrich Conrad Sr., who came as a pioneer settler from Switzerland. In 1753. From Augusta Co, VA Court records:</p><br>
<p>Page 462.--18 March 1777. Ulrick Conrad, Sr., to Ulrick Conrad, Jr., his son, at mouth of Black Thorn on South Branch of Potomac, 6 acres with mill seat thereon erected, patented to Ulrick (Sr) 12 May 1770. (The mill property was later acquired by a General William McCoy, merchant of Franklin, who also purchased the Peninger and Conrad estates which extended from Franklin to the mouth of the Thorn.) According to Elsie Byrd Boggs’s History of Franklin, Conrad supplied the soldiers in Lord Dunmore’s War with flour and meal in 1774.</p><br>
<p>Conrad’s son inherited the mill from his father in 1777, and Gen. William McCoy, a Franklin merchant, later acquired the property. General McCoy died in 1835, and the mill was acquired by his nephew, William McCoy. This McCoy found the business so lucrative that he decided to replace the old mill with a modern one. Construction of the new mill began in 1845.</p><br>
<p>The 1845 mill is the present four-story mill building, its large hand-hewn beams supported by a thick stone foundation. This new mill originally had the familiar overshot mill wheel, but this was replaced by a more efficient underwater turbine in the early 20th century. Grain was milled here until the mid-1900s, and the mill and connecting residence were adapted late in the century as a furniture workshop and bed and breakfast inn. McCoy’s Mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The future of the mill is uncertain. The bed and breakfast ceased operation and the property was offered for sale in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Priest Mill is a historic sawmill and early electric power plant located near Franklin, Pendleton County, West Virginia. It was built in 1900, with an addition built in 1916 to house a generator and hydro-electric power plant. Electric power was generated at the mill starting in 1911, and in 1913, the Priest&#39;s home became the first in Pendleton County to have electric lights. It replaced a mill that was destroyed by fire in 1899. It is a three-story, "T"-shaped, unadorned wooden structure. originally covered with wood shingles, but these were later replaced by metal roofing. The mill race measures 988 feet from the headgates at the dam to the entrance under the mill. It operated as a wool carding mill until the 1950s, and reopened in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Lake Bill Waller is a 168-acre man-made lake, named for a former governor of Mississippi, William Lowe "Bill" Waller, Senior. The lake is located in Marion County, Mississippi, 7 miles southeast of Columbia, and is primarily used for fresh-water angling.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1995, the Lake Bill Waller produced the second largest large mouth bass (15 lb. 14 oz.) ever caught in the state. The lake closed in 2003; re-opening in 2007 following state biologists implementing a plan to drain, renovate, and restock the lake with game-fish.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>Lake Bill Waller is continually monitored by Mississippi biologists to maintain the production of both trophy and eating-sized fish, focusing heavily on the catch and release method. Lake Manager, Tim Barber, describes their efforts:</p><br>
<p>"All the bass 18 inches or longer must be released back into the lake. We also encourage anglers to keep 15 bass, 18-inches and under, per person per day. Some of the fish less than 18 inches weigh from 2 1/2 to 3 pounds each, which are really good eating-size bass. We encourage our fishermen to catch and eat these bass to keep the lake in balance."</p><br>
<p>The Carriage House Historic District in Miles City, Montana was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. Nine locations feature signs describing the property.</p><br>
<h2>Harmon House (1005 Palmer Street)</h2><br>
<p>E. H. Johnson, state legislator and Miles City’s first mayor, built this impressive modified Queen Anne style home in 1887. Attributed to Miles City architect Byron Vreeland, the irregular plan originally featured an elaborate arched porch and an elliptical bay capped by a conical roof. Rancher William Harmon, the home’s second owner, built the carriage house in 1891. Third owner Senator Kenneth McLean, following current architectural trends, added Neo-classical details and a wraparound veranda between 1903 and 1910. Ella M. and David G. Rivenes purchased the property in 1962.</p><br>
<h2>Alderson House (1019 Palmer Street)</h2><br>
<p>Nannie Alderson came to Montana from Kansas with her husband Walt in 1883. They operated a cattle ranch for a decade but moved to Miles City in 1893 so their children could attend school. In 1895, Walt died from head injuries after he was kicked by a horse. Left with four children between the ages of two and eleven, Nannie built this home for her family. She scraped by, selling home-baked bread and milk from the family’s cow and catering meals. She also took in boarders. Nannie moved the family to Birney in 1902. Later in her life, Nannie earned wide acclaim for her pioneer reminiscence, A Bride Goes West, published in 1942. Her quaint wood-frame home retains its Greek Revival style footprint, once common in Miles City, but rarely preserved. Changes, including alteration of the front porch and the addition of side entry canopies in the 1910s, add an interesting layer. These reflect changing tastes and the growing popularity of the bungalow style in the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<h2>Emmanuel Episcopal Church</h2><br>
<p>An eclectic blend of Romanesque, Gothic, and Queen Anne architectural styles, this 1886 church survives as designer Byron Vreeland’s most significant building in Montana. Vreeland blended these styles as his architectural signature in many of his structures. The church features a barrel-vaulted wood ceiling trimmed with California redwood, a large Gothic style stained glass rose window in the entry gable above the canopy, and decorative brick work in a mouse-toothed pattern along the end elevations. The only alteration has been the removal of the bell tower. The interior features a walnut altar created from the salvaged hardwood finish of a steamboat that wrecked on the Buffalo Rapids below town about 1880. The altar is a rare survivor of steamboat architecture in Montana, the principal component of the “Wooden City” phase of building between 1878 and the early 1880s in Miles City. As the only known church designed by Vreeland, the Episcopal Church has continuously served the city for over a century and remains a unique work.</p><br>
<h2>Farnum House</h2><br>
<p>Joseph E. Farnum arrived in Eastern Montana in 1883, settling in the Tongue River area. He married Minnie Parmenter in 1885 and relocated to a ranch on the Powder River. Typical of many ranchers at the time, Farnum maintained a residence in Miles City. He built a modest one-and-one-half-story Greek Revival style dwelling around 1883. In 1893, Farnum moved his family to town and shortly after completed a two-story addition in the Queen Anne style. He purchased C. A. Wiley’s insurance and real estate business in 1901 and served as City Clerk in 1912. Farnum remained a prominent figure in Miles City until his death in 1924. Recognizing the importance of Miles City as a social, political, and economic center, Farnum built his home in the city’s first affluent neighborhood and continued to alter the property to reflect the city’s growth and prominence. Anna Weber purchased the property in 1928 and fortunately converted the residence into apartments. When she lost her savings in the Crash of 1929, the rental income assured her survival. The house was inherited by her niece after Weber&#39;s death and remains in the family to this day, having been converted back to a single family home.</p><br>
<h2>Furstnow House</h2><br>
<p>Born in Wisconsin, Al Furstnow settled permanently in Miles City in 1894 and became the major saddler in the northwest. In 1895, Furstnow commissioned Byron Vreeland to build this Queen Anne style home, unusual because the architect usually designed in brick. The previous year Furstnow opened Al Furstnow’s Saddle Shop on Main Street in a Vreeland-designed building. Credited with making the first flower hand-stamped saddles in Miles City for Britain’s Lord Sidney Paget, Furstnow outfitted Leigh Remington of Remington Arms and Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show for their Paris exhibition. The bay window heads are embellished with carved medallions in a motif that is continued throughout the interior. The residence retains the original tall ceilings and detailing, including a fan-trimmed arch and four brass and stained-glass chandeliers, one being in the form of a British Crown. Remodeling in 1910 modernized the house with Craftsman details to reflect Miles City’s financial status during the homestead boom. The home remained in the Furstnow family until the late 1980s.</p><br>
<h2>Kennie-Howe House (114 N 11th St)</h2><br>
<p>The end of the 1880s witnessed development of Miles City’s north side, with expensive homes being built on generous tracts of land. As land became scarce, parcels were carved from spacious lawns and working families became the neighbors of prominent residents. This charming Queen Anne style cottage, built on land once part of the property to the north, illustrates the trend. Constructed circa 1901, the home also foreshadows changing architectural tastes. Its symmetry reflects the newer Colonial Revival style while wide eaves suggest the Prairie style. Lovely stained glass transoms — a classic Queen Anne element — are, however, a dominant feature. The Craftsman style garage, constructed a little later to replace a barn, further chronicles neighborhood changes as transportation shifted from horse to automobile. Maud B. and Albert W. Kennie, later the longtime proprietors of the Olive Hotel, sold the home to rancher John S. Howe in 1904. The residence likely served as winter quarters so the Howe children could attend nearby Washington School.</p><br>
<h2>McAusland House (1013 Palmer St.)</h2><br>
<p>Nestled amidst grand Queen Anne style houses is this early folk residence. The wooden home, constructed for Scottish immigrant John McAusland, appears on an 1883 bird’s-eye map of Miles City. A steeply pitched side-gable roof and a small dormer dominate the home’s façade. Originally, the dormer likely framed a door that led to the roof of a full-length front porch. The main part of the house is one-and-one-half stories; the kitchen is under a separate, one-story roof. This plan was common in the 1800s. Placing the kitchen under separate roof minimized fire risk. Bucket brigades could more easily reach a one-story roof, perhaps saving the rest of the house in case of a kitchen fire. The design also provided good ventilation, a boon during hot summers. McAusland arrived in Miles City from Deadwood, Dakota Territory, in 1882. In 1886, he was named postmaster, an appointment that reflects political connections. The plum patronage position paid $1,800 annually (equivalent to approximately $37,000 today). In later years, he worked as a clerk. He still lived here with his daughter in 1914.</p><br>
<h2>Methodist Church</h2><br>
<p>In 1910, the Methodists hired a New York fundraising firm to raise funds for a new, larger church to replace the 1883 building. The growing congregation raised $14,000 and neighbor C. J. Wagenbreth donated the needed capital to complete the project, providing that no bell be hung in the belfry. Wagenbreth, not wanting to be awoken by bells, offered this deal, a steeple but no bells. Designed by the architectural firm of Woodruff & McGulpin in 1912, the Methodist Church stands as a visual reminder of the growth of Miles City and is an important neighborhood anchor. The building exhibits eclectic architectural influences, including Romanesque Revival windows, crenellated Gothic battlements, and early Christian or Tudor massing. Decorative round-arched Romanesque openings complement the bell tower and the design carries over to the main level windows. Each opening is highlighted with painted wood mullions and cusps that form a pair of arches with circular openings surrounded by brick. The only structure in Miles City designed by the firm, the design bears similarities to Brynjulf Rivenes’ Presbyterian Church on Main Street.</p><br>
<h2>Ulmer House (1003 Pleasant)</h2><br>
<p>The elegance of this magnificent Neoclassical style mansion belies the humble roots of its first owner, George H. Ulmer, the Pennsylvania-born son of a German immigrant. Ulmer came to Miles City in 1883, and by 1889 partners George Miles and Charles Strevell had added Ulmer’s name to their pioneer hardware firm. It became the largest hardware company in southeastern Montana. Helena-based architect Charles S. Haire designed the home for Ulmer and his wife, Flora, in 1902. Haire, whose talents contributed much to the local streetscape, was at that time frequently in Miles City supervising the design and construction of the Carnegie Library and the Ursuline Convent. These and the Ulmer residence showcase the architect’s fluency in the Neoclassical style. Haire’s design of this residence helped inspire a new trend in Miles City’s domestic architecture. A grand semicircular entry porch, Ionic columns, Palladian windows, and a central pediment with an inset lunette are elements characteristic of the style. Very fine detailing includes molded pilasters, a carved wreath above the main entry, paneled oak doors, and beveled glass.</p><br>
<p>The Carson Mansion is a large Victorian house located in Old Town, Eureka, California. Regarded as one of the highest executions of American Queen Anne Style architecture, the house is "considered the most grand Victorian home in America." It is one of the most written about and photographed Victorian houses in California, and perhaps, in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>William Carson</h2><br>
<p>William Carson (July 15, 1825 New Brunswick – February 20, 1912 Eureka), for whom the house was built, arrived in San Francisco from New Brunswick, Canada, with a group of other woodsmen in 1849. After rolling out gold slugs in San Francisco, they joined in the northern gold rush, arriving in the Trinity Mountains via the Eel River and Humboldt Bay. They left the Trinity Mountains to overwinter at Humboldt Bay and contracted to provide logs for a small sawmill. In November 1850 Carson and Jerry Whitmore felled a tree, the first for commercial purposes on Humboldt Bay. All winter, Carson and his team hauled logs from the Freshwater slough to the Pioneer Mill on the shores of Humboldt Bay. In spring, the party went back to the mines where they had previously staked claim on Big Bar by the Trinity. They built a dam and continued mining until they heard that a large sawmill was being built at Humboldt Bay. They went south through the Sacramento Valley, bought oxen, and returned to Humboldt Bay by August 1852, where Carson, alone, went into the lumber business permanently. In 1854, he shipped the first loads of redwood timber to San Francisco. Previously, only fir and spruce had been logged.</p><br>
<p>In 1863 Carson and John Dolbeer formed the Dolbeer and Carson Lumber Company. Eighteen years later in 1881, as the company advanced into areas more difficult to log, Dolbeer invented the Steam Donkey Engine which revolutionized log removal, especially in hard to reach areas. At about the same time, Carson was involved in the founding of the Eel River and Eureka Railroad with John Vance. Before commencing the building of his mansion, Carson said, "If I build it poorly, they would say that I am a damned miser; if I build it expensively, they will say Im a show off; guess Ill just build it to suit myself." In 1884, on the eve of construction of the great home, the company was producing 15,000,000 boardfeet of lumber annually. The milling operations, combined with additional investments as far away as Southern California and at least partial ownerships in schooners used to move the lumber to booming markets on the west coast and all over the globe, and maintained milling operations at the original Humboldt Bay site, located bay-side below the house, well into the 1970s. Following the Carson family divestiture of remaining family holdings (including the home) in 1950, the family left the area. The building was purchased for $35,000 in 1950 by local community business leaders, which was named after Carsons Ingomar Theater, itself named for Carsons favorite play Ingomar the Barbarian.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural style</h2><br>
<p>The house is a mix of every major style of Victorian architecture, including but not limited to: Eastlake, Italianate, Queen Anne (primary), and Stick. The style of the house has been described as "eclectic" and "peculiarly American." Unlike most other houses dating from the period, this property always has been maintained, and is in nearly the same condition as when it was built.</p><br>
<p>In May 1964, the house was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) as catalog number CA-1911. This is the only official historical building listing of the house. Although the historic house does merit National Register of Historic Places status, the private club has chosen not to apply for it.</p><br>
<h2>Architects</h2><br>
<p>Samuel and Joseph Cather Newsom of San Francisco (and later Los Angeles), were nineteenth century builder-architects contracted by Carson to create the house by 1883. One house they designed was "The Pink Lady," which William Carson gave to his son Milton as a wedding present in 1889. After being sold in 1920, it went through several owners before being inherited by sisters in Germany. It operated as a rooming house until it was seized as Nazi property in 1942. In 1964, it became the first historic building in Eureka to be restored. Another of their designs was built in Eureka in 1982 by the Carter House Inn. It is a replica of the 1885 Murphy House in San Francisco, designed by Newsom and Newsom, which was lost in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Their works also include the, which was built in 1887 at the cost of $80,000 for Lewis L. Bradbury. The house, a 35-room structure with five chimneys and five turrets, stood at in Los Angeles Bunker Hill, at the corner of Hill and Court streets, until being demolished in 1929, and was the inspiration behind the exterior of Hong Kong Disneylands Mystic Manor attraction.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Images of the house are prevalent in web site designs and video animations as well as on posters, paintings, and book covers. This popularity also has led to replicas being created in amusement parks, including the clock tower on the train station at Disneyland. The home also serves as a model for haunted house art work and design.</p><br>
<p>The Peirce Mansion is a 23-room mansion located in Sioux City, Iowa. From 1960 until 2011, the mansion was home to the Sioux City Public Museum with exhibits relating to the history of the region. It is still owned by the Sioux City Public Museum and has now been restored to a Victorian-era appearance. It is open to the public for quarterly open house events and is available for rental.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built for financier John Peirce, who built the Romanesque home out of Sioux Quartzite with 23 rooms in 1893.</p><br>
<p>First purchased by a group called the Junior League in 1959, the opening of the mansion as a museum was in September 1960. There was a robbery of a saddlebag from the museum in 1996 that was part of a string of museum thefts which involved stealing Native American artifacts.</p><br>
<p>A new museum location was opened in 2011 in Sioux City&#39;s downtown at a former J. C. Penney store.</p><br>
<p>The Holy Rosary Hospital is located in Miles City, Montana, United States. The 1910 Holy Rosary Hospital, with its 1922 annex, is located on Clarke and Jordan Streets, northeast of Mile City&#39;s Main Street Historic District, and approximately 1/3 mile east of the Ursuline Convent of the Sacred Heart. Tree-lined residential neighborhoods fringe the property to the south, while Leighton Avenue, a busy transportation corridor, defines its northern boundary.</p><br>
<p>The Holy Rosary Church underwent an extensive restoration and has been converted to low income housing. A nurses dormitory and a laundry, constructed in 1916, were located east of the hospital but were removed in 1964.</p><br>
<h2>1910 hospital</h2><br>
<p>The original 1910 hospital is two stories, plus an attic and full daylight basement. It has a hipped roof with wide eaves supported by decoratively-carved rafter tails. Green asphalt shingles cover the roof, and large metal ventilators pierce the ridgeline. The north slope has a chimney made from Hebron brick (the Hebron Bick Company was founded in 1904 in Hebron, North Dakota by European settlers) at the corners and a corbelled top. Darker, red, polychromatic brick adorns the chimney’s raised side panels. Two chimneys, similar to the chimney at the north slope, pierce the east slope of the 1910 building’s roof. A Mission-style curvilinear parapet rises across the entry bay at attic level on the west (front) elevation, a hipped-roof dormer protrudes from the center of the north slope, and another hipped roof covers</p><br>
<p>the central, protruding bay of the east elevation. The south elevation of the original building was modified when the 1922 annex was constructed.</p><br>
<h2>1922 annex</h2><br>
<p>The 1922 annex is three full stories, plus a full daylight basement, and features a flat roof with a banded, straight parapet wall across its west, north, and south elevations. Throughout the exterior, the daylight basement level is finished with smooth concrete, the first story is Hebron brick, and the upper stories are concrete and brick. Polychromatic reddish brick quioning appears at the corners of the building above the basement level.</p><br>
<p>Marlinton Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Station was a historic railway station and bunkhouse located at Marlinton, Pocahontas County, West Virginia. They were built in 1901 by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. The station was a frame, rectangular, one-story building measuring 76 feet by 16 feet and used for both passengers and freight. The bunkhouse is a one-story frame building measuring 24 feet by 16 feet. Both buildings featured vertical board and batten siding and decorative brackets in the wide projecting eaves of their gable roofs. Passenger service ended at Marlinton in 1958. Given its location at the trailhead of the Greenbrier River Trail, the station was renovated to house the Pocahontas County Convention and Visitors Bureau. The station was destroyed by fire in 2008; the bunkhouse remains extant.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The William Upton House was built as a private residence located at 40433 Utica Road in Sterling Heights, Michigan. It is the oldest house in the city, and now houses public offices. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Upton was born in 1835 in Leicestershire, England, and immigrated to the United States with his parents in 1841. The Uptons first settled in Detroit, then moved to Sterling Township in 1845. In 1861, William Upton married Sarah Jeanette Aldrich, and in 1866-67 he built this house on his farm. Upton was a successful and prosperous farmer, and also sold fish caught in the Clinton River, and by 1891 the farm spread out over 138 acres. William and Sarah Upton lived in this house until 1891, when they moved to Utica and purchased a three-story commercial building.</p><br>
<p>William Upton ran a successful mercantile and real estate business in the Utica building until 1897, when he sold the business (but not the building). Upton&#39;s building was destroyed by fire in 1904, and he was seriously injured trying to protect it. Soon afterward, the Uptons moved to Rochester, where William Upton died in 1923 and Sarah Upton died in 1925.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, the Uptons sold the house to Frederick Ahrens, who lived there until 1913. In 1964, the house was purchased by the Macomb Child Guidance Center, and later the city of Sterling Heights bought the building for use by the Parks and Recreation Department. The Upton House was restored in 1981-82, at which time the interior was converted to house public offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Upton House is a two-story Italianate-style house constructed of brick with a hipped roof and tall cupola. The brick construction indicates the relative affluence of the builder. The exterior is painted and heavy brackets support the eaves. Windows are tall, double-hung, four-over-four lights; the ones on the front facade feature ornate stone hoods while windows on the other sides have brick hoods. A 1-1/2 story, gable-roofed addition is located on one side, and a flat-roofed, single-story addition is on another. The cupola, porches, chimneys, and bay window balustrade were reconstructed during the 1981-82 renovation.</p><br>
<p>Pocahontas County Courthouse and Jail is a historic courthouse and jail located at Marlinton, Pocahontas County, West Virginia. The courthouse was built in 1894, and is a 2 1/2-story, brick, Victorian Romanesque building with a stone raised basement level. It has irregular massing with a central block that has a steep hipped roof. The front elevation features two towers, one at each corner. A courthouse annex building was added in 1976. The jail is a two-story brick building in simple Romanesque Style. It was built at the same time as the courthouse as the jailer&#39;s residence. A brick two-story shallow hip roofed ell was added in 1926, to house the jail.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Cass Historic District is a national historic district located at Cass, Pocahontas County, West Virginia. The district encompasses 79 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure. Cass was founded in 1902 as a company town for lumbering by the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company. The district features three classes of housing: class three houses for day laborers, class two houses for section foreman and office personnel, and class one houses for persons in management positions. The class three houses measure 30 feet by 20 feet, and are very stout, rectangular two-story frame structures, with front and rear porches. Non-residential buildings include the former hospital, clubhouse, town building, lodge hall, former Methodist and Presbyterian churches, old school building, and the company store.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Wolcott Mill is a grist and feed mill located at 63841 Wolcott Road in Ray Township, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Wolcott Mill was constructed in 1847 and was operated as a grist mill and feed mill. The mill passed through multiple owners, including John Smith, Norman Crawford, and Frank Ritter, before being purchased by Fred B. Wolcott in 1878.</p><br>
<p>Fred Wolcott was born in Bradford County, Pennsylvania in 1845, the son of J.P. and Rebecca Rogers Wolcott. He worked in a sawmill in Pennsylvania, then moved west to Wisconsin in 1865. He moved from there to Nebraska, then Wyoming, Utah, and California in succession, before returning to Nebraska where his father had subsequently settled, in 1869. There he homesteaded a tract of land, and in 1870 married Miss Anna C. Callahan. The couple had twelve children: A. E., John P., Fred H., William H., Frank O., Lewis J., Rebecca, Ida May, Anna, Rosa M., Mary, and Lillie.</p><br>
<p>Wolcott improved his homestead property for nine years until 1878, when he traded the Nebraska tract for the mill located in Ray, Michigan. Wolcott rebuilt part of the mill, adding new machinery and another barn to the property. The Wolcott Mill was known for its high-quality flour, and a number of large Detroit bakeries, including Acme Pie and Oven King Cookies, used Wolcott Mill flour for their pastries and desserts. Fred Wolcott operated the mill until at least 1905.</p><br>
<p>The mill closed in 1967.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the mill opened as part of the Wolcott Mill Metropark.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Wolcott Mill complex includes the mill itself, the millpond, a barn, and a truck garage. A 1950s corncob building is also on the property, and a modern gazebo, restrooms, and toll road building were added by the park system. The large barn was first used as a stable, and was later converted to storage for certified seed. The Metropark uses the barn as a historical museum. The truck garage once housed delivery trucks, and is now used for special events.</p><br>
<p>The original milling machinery is still in place in the mill. The machinery includes two midget marvel roller mills, used to grind grains, and other machinery used for milling.</p><br>
<p>The Camp Bartow Historic District — centered on the historic inn called "Traveller&#39;s Repose"  and the site of the Battle of Greenbrier River  — is a national historic district located at Bartow, Pocahontas County, West Virginia, USA. It is situated at the foot of Burner Mountain, at a bend in the East Fork Greenbrier River, where USA Route 28 intersects USA Route 250.</p><br>
<p>It was entered onto the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>The District</h2><br>
<p>The District encompasses ten contributing buildings and nine contributing sites. The house known as "Traveller&#39;s Repose" was built in 1869, and is a two-story, side gabled residence. It was expanded in 1912, and in 1928. The property also includes a simple two-story, side gabled residence built in 1898, with a rear 1 1/2 story addition. Contributing outbuildings associated with the Repose include a barn (1925), well house (c. 1930), woodshed (c. 1930), cellar house (c. 1870 / 1912), corn crib (c. 1940), and storage building (c. 1920). Located nearby and also contributing are an unpainted barn (c. 1910) and garage (c. 1940). The property also includes the Yeager Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Sites associated with the American Civil War battle of October 3, 1861, known as the Battle of Greenbrier River, include four major fortifications, consisting of a series of trenches surrounding artillery emplacements. There are two additional artillery emplacements, camp / tent sites associated with Camp Bartow, and an unmarked Confederate Army cemetery containing 82 graves. Also included in the district is a section of the Staunton and Parkersburg Turnpike, constructed between 1838 and 1846.</p><br>
<h2>Traveller’s Repose</h2><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The historic inn known as "Traveller’s Repose" — or "Travelers’ Repose" — for many decades served patrons transiting the Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike. It was once well known as the first stagecoach stop west of Allegheny Mountain. It was owned and managed from 1845 by Andrew Yeager (1800-1861), son of area pioneer John P. Yeager, Sr (1762-1833), an immigrant from near Lancaster City, Pennsylvania who had arrived in the area around 1795. The Repose served as Pocahontas County’s first post office (1847-1906). The present two-story, wood-frame farmhouse dates to 1869.</p><br>
<p>The Repose owes its existence to construction of the historic turnpike, which began in 1838. By 1845, the turnpike having extended from Staunton to Weston, a traveler’s inn had become an attractive proposition. The mail route through here was established in 1847, and when it did, Travelers’ Repose became the post office as well.</p><br>
<p>In September, 1861, a Confederate detachment encamped on the crest of Allegheny Mountain, just ten miles to the southeast. On October 3, the inn suffered crossfire during the Battle of Greenbrier River. Named Camp Bartow after the late Col. Francis S. Bartow (a Confederate commander who had died about 2 months before), the fortifications are still relatively intact. (The surrounding community would consequently be known as Bartow as well.) Later that winter, bushwhackers burned the Repose, thereby depriving both sides of its use. The Rebels, uncertain as to whether they could hold Camp Bartow in the event of another Union challenge, moved about 5 miles to the east to establish Camp Allegheny in an effort to retain control of the turnpike. On December 13, the Rebels repulsed a Union advance at this new position, thus ensuring that control of the turnpike would not be lost. But that advantage was secured at a significant cost: An unmarked grave on the property is said to contain the remains of more than 80 Confederate soldiers who died of their wounds, disease and exposure that winter.</p><br>
<p>In 1869, Peter Dilly Yeager (1829-1906), Andrew’s son, who had spent a portion of the war in a Union prison, rebuilt Travelers’ Repose on the foundations of the earlier establishment. The refurbished lodge had 22 rooms, plus space for 28 horses in the barn. It was then variously known as the “Yeager Hotel” and the “Greenbrier Hotel”. The Repose was purchased by Brown Buren Beard (1883-1969) in 1912. (He was Peter’s first cousin once removed.) His daughter, Jessie Beard Powell (1915-2013), a great-great-grand daughter of John Yeager, Sr, resided at the Repose for all of her 97 years and long kept alive stories of the old days. (One of them: that the 1,200 Rebel soldiers who invaded her family’s farm exacted a cost of 500 of their sugar maples which were cut down for military purposes.)</p><br>
<p>Longstanding local lore asserts that Abraham Lincoln stayed here during his early journeys between Illinois and Washington, DC. Among the other notables who are said (mostly without documentation) to have lodged at the Repose are Stonewall Jackson.</p><br>
<p>The Repose was still supplying "lodging and meals" to travelers around 1940 when writers for the WPA visited the area.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, after Jessie Beard Powell had died, the property was auctioned and finally passed out of the family&#39;s hands.</p><br>
<h3>In popular culture</h3><br>
<p>Celebrated writer Ambrose Bierce described the Repose in an autobiographical essay (“A Bivouac to the Dead”) in 1903. He had been a Union soldier here in 1861.</p><br>
<p>Novelist Joseph Hergesheimer (1880–1954) wrote a short story (“Tol’able David”) set here in 1917; a play — and silent (1921) and talking (1930) movie versions — followed. In 1922, Hergesheimer described the Repose again in another Saturday Evening Post short story, itself entitled "Traveler&#39;s Repose". His fictionalized name for the Greenbrier River Valley is "Greenstream County".</p><br>
<p>The former Royal Albert Hospital is in Ashton Road, Lancaster, Lancashire, England. It opened in 1870 as an institution for the care and education of children with learning problems. By 1909 there were 662 children in residence. Following new legislation in 1913, adults were also admitted. By the time of the introduction of the National Health Service in 1948 the hospital had 886 patients, and by the 1960s there were over 1,000 patients. Following legislation in the 1980s, the patients were relocated in the community, and the hospital closed in 1996. The building was acquired by Jamea Al Kauthar Islamic College to provide Islamic education for girls. The main part of the hospital is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and its west lodge is listed at Grade II.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hospital was built between 1868 and 1873, and designed by the local architect E. G. Paley. Its original name was "Royal Albert Asylum for idiots and imbeciles of the seven northern counties". An additional building, the Winmarleigh Recreation Hall was built at the rear of the hospital and designed by Paley, Austin and Paley (E. G. Paley in partnership with his son, Henry, and with Hubert Austin). In 1898–1901, following the death of E. G. Paley, the practice (now Austin and Paley) designed a new south wing, named the Ashton wing.</p><br>
<p>The hospital was established under the Lunacy Act 1845, at a time when there was little understanding of the difference between learning disability and mental illness, to provide care and education for children with learning disabilities. It took patients from the seven northern counties of England between the ages of 6 and 15. It was a voluntary hospital, whose financial provision came entirely from public subscription. The foundation stone was laid in 1868. The first patients entered the hospital in December 1870, and in August 1871 the first girls were admitted. By 1874 it had 196 patients. In 1884 the hospital was renamed as the "Royal Albert Asylum for the Care, Education and Training of Idiots, Imbeciles and Weak-Minded children and Young Persons of the Northern Counties". By 1909 there were 662 patients in residence, 85 per cent of whom were aged under 15. During the following year the hospital was renamed again, this time to "The Royal Albert Institution, Lancaster".</p><br>
<p>Following the Mental Deficiency Act 1913, the nature of the hospital changed, as it was determined that no more than 10 per cent of its patients should be under the age of 16. In 1948 the hospital became part of the National Health Service, and its name was changed to "Royal Albert Hospital".</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The main building is constructed in sandstone with ashlar dressings and bands of red sandstone from St Bees. The roofs are in green slate from Coniston. Its architectural style is Gothic Revival.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Inside the central block is a triple arch behind which is an imperial staircase with an ornate wrought iron balustrade. The roof timbers are exposed, and the hall is lit from above. Beyond this is a five-bay hall with two-light transomed windows. The windows contain small pieces of stained glass depicting badges of the benefactors of the hospital. Also in this hall are galleries.</p><br>
<h3>West lodge</h3><br>
<p>On Ashton Road at the entrance to the drive to the former hospital is a lodge, built in about 1873. It is also constructed in sandstone with ashlar dressings, red sandstone bands, and green slate steeply pitched roofs, and is in Gothic Revival style. The main part of the lodge is in two storeys, and contains a wide arch for the carriageway, and a smaller narrower arch for pedestrians. In the upper storey are three trefoiled single-light windows. The roof is hipped and carries lead finials. To the right of this is a chimney with bands of red sandstone. On the right of the building is a short lower wing with a coped gable. On the gable side is a two-light stair window above a quatrefoil, and another two-light window. Facing the road is a canted bay containing mullioned windows. The lodge is entered from the pedestrian walkway.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The main part of the hospital was designed as a Grade II* listed building on 30 November 1970. On the same date the west lodge was listed at Grade II.</p><br>
<p>Since 1996 the building has been used as the Jamea Al Kauthar Islamic College, an academic establishment aiming to educate girls over the age of eleven in a safe, secure, happy and Islamic environment". Originating with 60 girls, as of 2011 it has about 400 residential students on its roll. The students attend Islamic theology courses in the morning in the college, and in the afternoons travel to Preston Sixth Form College to study other subjects.</p><br>
<p>Sonning Hill is a hill near the village of Sonning in Berkshire, England, close to the River Thames.</p><br>
<h2>Local area</h2><br>
<p>The Sonning Cutting takes the Great Western Railway through part of the hill between Twyford and Reading. There was an early railway accident at Sonning Cutting on 24 December 1841.</p><br>
<p>There are good walks by the river in this area. At the foot of the hill by the Thames is Ali&#39;s Pond Local Nature Reserve, a nature reserve laid out with paths and large ponds in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The UK headquarters of two major software companies, Microsoft and Oracle Corporation are also located here on the Thames Valley Park business park.</p><br>
<h2>Island</h2><br>
<p>At this point in the River Thames, towards the Oxfordshire side of the main river channel, there is a long thin island creating two branches of the river.</p><br>
<p>Hagans Homestead, also known as Barnes Hotel and Stone Manor Tourist Home, is a historic home located at Brandonville, Preston County, West Virginia. It was built in 1830, and is a large 2 1/2 story, "L"-shaped house built of native cut sandstone. It consists of a main block, measuring 28 feet by 24 feet, with a 1 1/2 story frame addition measuring 20 feet by 20 feet. Also on the property is a Victorian gazebo, originally built as a well house. Built originally as a single-family dwelling, the Barnes family maintained the house as a hotel during the early 1900s, then later a tourist home in the 1940s and 1950s. It was divided into two apartments during the 1960s, then returned to a single-family home after 1970.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Earle House is a house in Canehill, Arkansas on Highway 45 built in 1859 to house Dr. Fountain R. Earle, the president of Cane Hill College. The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places along with many other Canehill properties in November 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Canehill was settled in 1827, a year prior to the establishment of Washington County. The Township of Cane Hill was established in 1829 and was mostly populated by members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. The church leaders recognized the need for its congregation to be literate, and Canehill School was established in 1834. By 1850 it had been renamed to Canehill Collegiate Institute and was capable of granting two-year degrees. Two years later the Arkansas Legislature made Cane Hill College the second college in the state, one day after Arkansas College.</p><br>
<p>Cane Hill College was burned by Union forces during the American Civil War, with only a dormitory being used as a hospital surviving. The college reorganized after the war under the supervision of new president Dr. Fountain R. Earle. The Earles moved to Canehill in 1858, but the College had trouble rebuilding after the war was over. Earle attempted to save the College by merging with the Canehill Female Academy, but pressure added by the new Arkansas Industrial University in Fayetteville caused the college to close in 1891.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building exhibits Greek Revival architecture and is one of the few remaining buildings in Canehill to demonstrate a classically proportioned front.</p><br>
<p>The Z. C. B. J. Hall, also known as Bohemian Hall or Zapadni Cesko Bratrske Jednota Hall, is an historic building located near Arthur, Wisconsin that was built in 1907. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 25, 1992. It historically served as a meeting hall for the Czech community.</p><br>
<p>In 1896, after most pine was logged off in the town of Arthur, the Cypreanson Brothers of Eau Claire offered cut-over land for sale and hired Vincent Benish to advertise that land in Bohemian-language newspapers to Czech immigrants in southwest Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>Many of these people had left their homeland unhappy with Austrian-Hapsburg rule and its links to the Catholic Church. As a result, many were skeptical of the church and open to Marxist ideas and the Freethought movement. Still, they needed funerals and weddings, and a way to socialize with their fellow Czechs. In 1904 the Arthur Czech community organized a chapter of the Zapadni Ceska Bratrska Jednota - Western Bohemian Fraternal Association.</p><br>
<p>In 1907 the members built their hall. The original section was 60 feet by 32 feet with a false-front parapet. In 1913 a foldable stage was added for performances by the "Goodwill Actors," who traveled around the state, presenting several Czech plays each year. In 1930 a stage and rear kitchen were added to the back of the building. The exterior is sided with metal embossed to look like cement blocks and painted silver.</p><br>
<p>The hall hosted the weddings and funerals mentioned before, and also all-night dances and fraternal meetings. The organization lent money and provided insurance. From 1908 to 1934, the Czech language was taught in the summers. From 1928 to 1943 the hall hosted Sokol meetings, emphasizing gymnastics and patriotism with parallel bars, horizontal bars, rings, horse, marching, singing and folk dancing.</p><br>
<p>Bohemian National Hall is an historic building located in Cleveland, Ohio, that was built in 1896. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 28, 1975. The hall was built to serve the cultural and educational needs of the Czech immigrant community, and currently serves as host to Sokol Greater Cleveland and the Cleveland Czech Cultural Center and Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<p>Over the years, the building&#39;s exterior darkened appreciably due to the pollution from nearby steel mills.</p><br>
<p>Sokol, a local Czech American society which promotes athletics and healthy living, purchased the building for $35,000 ($ in dollars) in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Bohemian National Hall underwent a $400,000 ($ in dollars) renovation in 1997. The basement was deepened by 2 ft to raise the ceiling to a more customary height. In the first floor lobby, paint was stripped from the quarter-sawn oak molding and panelling and a false wall removed to reveal a wrought iron screen. The walls of the grand ballroom on the second floor were cleaned of more than a century of grime, and two ornate hand-carved columns were rescued and placed in the third-floor museum. An elevator was also added to the structure, to make the fourth floor gymnasium more accessible.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, Sokol began construction on a $1.5 million ($ in dollars), 12,000 ft&sup2; addition to the Bohemian National Hall. Built by Panzica Construction, the volleyball court (which shared the ballroom) and the gymnastics practice area (on the fourth floor) moved to the addition once it was finished.</p><br>
<p>Mont Valier  is a mountain of the Pyrenees in Ariège, France.</p><br>
<p>Its name comes from Valerius (Saint Valier, ca. 452), the mythical first bishop of Couserans, who climbed the peak. Bernard de Marmiesse, another bishop of Couserans, had a marble cross erected on the peak in 1670.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>A small glacier, the Glacier d&#39;Arcouzan, occupies its northeastern slope. It is the only glacier in the Pyrenees situated below 3000m, the most Eastern glacier in the chain and also the most isolated. The summit is located on the perimeter of the regional park of the Ariège Pyrenees.</p><br>
<p>A number of valleys originate on its sides:</p><br>
<p>On the French side, the stream of Artigues, a tributary of the Salat (which itself rises a few miles from Mount Valier) and the Ribérot, a tributary of the Lez, itself a tributary of the Salat.</p><br>
<p>On the Spanish side, the Noguera Pallaresa, and a few miles to the west, one of many sources of the Garonne.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>The normal route, in summer, starts from the Refuge des Estagnous and travels to the Col Faustin before ascending the broad South face. This is the easiest route, although it is still challenging. The other principal route to the summit is via the Arête des Antiques and involves rock climbing along an exposed ridge. The east face and its famous "Trou Noir", (black hole), first climbed by Louis Audoubert in 1971, is rarely ascended. The classic ascent in winter is via the Couloir Faustin; it is a long outing mostly on snow (AD).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During World War II, an escape route from Saint-Girons to Esterri in Catalonia crossed Mont Valier. The "Path to Freedom" &ndash; the name given in 1994 to the hiking trail that follows the course &ndash; enabled the evacuation of 782 people between 1940 and 1944 and remained operational despite increased surveillance by the Germans from 1943. The route was operational until the end of the war.</p><br>
<h2>Protected zone</h2><br>
<p>By a ministerial decree of 5 July 2005, a large area centred on the village of Seix, including the Crown Reserve of Mount Valier, was designated as a "special protection area" and a site of the Natura 2000 network.</p><br>
<p>The May River is a river in the Kimberley of Western Australia.</p><br>
<p>The river is formed when the Lennard River splits into two channels north of Mount Marmion and near the Kimberley Downs Station homestead, the other channel being the Meda River. Continuing to flow west north-westward through Poulton Pool until the river eventually discharges into Stokes Bay, King Sound which is north-east of Derby.</p><br>
<p>The river was named in 1881 by a pioneer of the area, George Julius Brockman during an expedition in the Kimberley area looking for grazing land north of the Fitzroy River. He named the river after the granddaughter of John Septimus Roe, Mary Matilda (May) Thomson.</p><br>
<p>The only tributaries of the May and the Lennard and Camiara Creek.</p><br>
<p>The Northern river shark is known to inhabit the tidal region of the river and has been found further upstream. Barramundi and Cherrabun are also caught in the river pools after the wet season.</p><br>
<p>Meerdaal, also known as Meerdaalwoud and Meerdaalbos, is a woodland lying east of Brussels and south of Leuven, on the loess plateau of Brabant in central Belgium. The bigger part of it has most likely been continuously forested since the Middle Ages, but the archaeological record and geomorphology give evidence of a profound human influence, probably including agriculture, during the Roman era and the Iron Age.</p><br>
<h2>Miradal</h2><br>
<p>In 1146 Meerdaal was known as silua de miradal. Silva refers to a place dominated by trees; dal refers to a valley; the origin of mira is unclear.</p><br>
<h2>Free Wood</h2><br>
<p>From 1406 until the end of the 18th century Meerdaal was endowed with the statute of Free Wood, which, for example, refers to its independent law court and rules.</p><br>
<h2>Oak, pannage and boars</h2><br>
<p>Numerous documents give evidence of pannage in Ducal Free Woods Like Meerdaal during the dark and cold months of the 16th, 17th and 18th century. This pannage was obviously well-adjusted to forestry, as Meerdaal kept its age-long reputation for high-quality oak timber up to the present day. Pigs were restricted to well-appointed areas and evidently kept out of young stands by swine herders, who also built wooden cages for the animals. But the Free Wood of Meerdaal was not only a place for pannage, coppice or timber. It also had to keep up a reputation as a chase, housing wild boars, their hybrids with domestic pigs, and deer.</p><br>
<h2>Modern forestry</h2><br>
<p>Today, Meerdaal Forest is managed as a multifunctional forest. High quality timber production keeps to play an important role but is combined with the conservation of high quality nature, recreation and education.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>Today, Meerdaalwoud and the adjacent Heverleebos - together covering an area of almost 25 km² - are very popular for hiking.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Comal County Courthouse is located in New Braunfels in the USA state of Texas. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Comal County, Texas in 1976 and designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Comal County has had two courthouses. The first was designed by Wilhelm Thielepape and completed circa 1860, but had deteriorated in condition by the late 1890s. The current Romanesque Revival style courthouse was designed by James Riely Gordon and completed in 1898 by contractors Fischer and Lamie. Gordon, along with another San Antonio architect Albert Felix Beckmann, submitted bids to replace the courthouse designed by Thielepape. In addition to reviewing the bids, the county commissioners traveled to Gonzales to assess the architectural quality of the Gonzales County Courthouse, a work designed by Gordon and completed in 1896.</p><br>
<p>Although the current structure has been somewhat modernized, and the original roof replaced, the basic structure remains the same. At the entrance, the original wood door has been replaced by a modernized glass and aluminum door. The exterior is of native limestone, and the southwest main two-story circular entrance balcony is supported by pink granite columns. The rear entrances have three-story quarter-circular bays. The ironwork on the interior centralized open stairway is the original. Atop the three-story building is a corniced stone tower.</p><br>
<p>The Käfigturm is a medieval tower in Bern, Switzerland. It is part of the UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern and the tower is a Cultural Property of National Significance The original tower was built as a gate house during the second expansion of Bern in 1256. The tower was demolished in 1640 and completely rebuilt immediately thereafter.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first tower, which stood on the site of the present Käfigturm, was built in 1256 during the second expansion of Bern. Over the nearly seventy years since the construction of the Zytglogge tower and the first city walls, Bern had expanded westward along the Aare peninsula. In 1255, construction began on a second set of walls, which required a new gatehouse. The new tower was very similar to the original Zytglogge. It was built as a hollow square and most of the back of the tower was open to the city. It had a small, flat platform at the top and a gate that opened onto the bridge over the moat.</p><br>
<p>Following the third city expansion in 1345, the tower became a second line of defense. In 1405, a fire destroyed most of the city of Bern. After the fire, the towns prison was moved from the Zytglogge tower west to the Käfigturm, which was then known as the nüwe kefyen. The name was quickly shortened to kebie, from which the name Käfigturm (literally cage or jail tower) came. After the armory tower was converted into a womens prison, the Käfigturm was known as Mannenkefi. By 1433, the tower was also serving as a watch and signal tower in addition to a prison. By 1470, it had been modified with niches on the city side and merlons around the top platform. At some point between 1470 and 1549, a hip roof was added to the top of the tower. According to a drawing by Gregorius Sickinger, the original tower stood about 3.8 m east of its current location.</p><br>
<p>On 19 May 1638, a commission was appointed by the city council to replace the dilapidated Mannerkefi tower. The old tower was demolished in 1640 and on 29 May 1641, the town council approved plans to build a new tower which would stand slightly to the west of the old tower. In April 1642, one of the chief builders, Joseph Plepp, died. The other chief builder, Antoni Graber, took full control of the project. On 20 January 1643, the exterior work was complete and Graber handed the project over to master carpenter Hans Stähli to finish the roof and the interior woodwork. By the spring of 1644, most of the interior work was finished.</p><br>
<p>During the planning phase, the commission determined that the new Käfigturm would not be large enough to close the several prisons around Bern and move them all into the new tower. In February 1641, the town council acquired the house of the recently deceased widow of Hans Gunier, which lay just south of the new tower. The house was rebuilt from the ground up as part of the prison by Antoni Graber. Once Graber finished the exterior work on the house, the interior was built in 1643/44 by Niclaus Bovet.</p><br>
<p>During the winter of 1690-91, the first modifications were made to the tower. A clock face was added on the front and back of the middle of the tower. The decorative Corbels and triglyphs and a window in the middle section of the tower were all removed to add the clock.</p><br>
<p>The current clock tower bell was added to the tower in 1643. The history of the bell is a bit unusual. When the town decided to add a bell, the Thirty Years War was still raging in Europe. Due to the war, it was very difficult to buy metal to cast a bell. So, the town council chose to buy a bell that had been captured near Vesoul and was being shipped as war booty to Freiburg.</p><br>
<p>Until the end of the 17th Century, the bell was struck by hand. The mechanism to ring the bells automatically was installed in 1691-92.</p><br>
<p>The tower remained virtually unchanged over the following centuries, though the attached house was renovated and gained two additional stories between 1794 and 1805. In 1903 and 1933 the west facade of the tower was renovated. The east facade was renovated in 1906. To ease traffic congestion, a second walkway was cut through the house north of the tower in 1886. Then, in 1902-3 a large gate was built through the ground floor cell block of the prison. The 60 to 70 prisoners that had been housed in the tower, were moved to the district prison north of the main post office building in 1897. Removing the prisoners and demolishing the cells changed the role of the tower. It became an archive tower and stored the state archives of the canton and the records of the supreme court. For a time a portion of the basement served as a warehouse of the adjacent Garnier wine shop.</p><br>
<p>After minor renovations in 1906 on the east facade and on the west facade in 1933, in 1976 the Grand Council of the Canton of Bern approved a total renovation. The renovation included an expansion into an information and exhibition center. The information center finally opened on 19 April 1980 and remained open for the next 15 years. After the information center closed it was temporarily used as a commercial library and sporadically hosted exhibitions, private parties or meetings. Eventually, the federal government established the tower as a meeting place for the Polit-Forum (Political Forum of the Confederation) an organization of people who were interested in discussing politics.</p><br>
<h2>Tower site</h2><br>
<p>The tower is a square with 9.8 m sides. The portal through the tower is 5 m and the base is 2.5 m thick. The bottom of the roof is 23.2 m above the street, and the pennant at the top of the tower is 49 m high. Most of the tower is built out of sandstone. The roof features five early baroque towers. The four smaller towers are exact copies of each other and are placed at the centers of the four sides of the tower. The central tower is larger, but retains all the features of the four smaller towers. They all feature a pair of rectangular windows, a copper-plated pointed roof and a pennant. The clock works are built into the attic floor of the tower.</p><br>
<p>On the east side, in the corner of the 1641 neighboring building and the tower, is a three sided stair house which was built in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The neighboring building is four stories tall above a round top portal. The current appearance of this prison building comes from 1805–06, except for the portal which was run through the old ground floor prison in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The Columbia River Bridge, also known as the Bridgeport Bridge, at Bridgeport, Washington was built to span the Columbia River in 1950. Composed of three spans, the bridge is a steel continuous riveted deck truss carrying Washington State Route 17 on a 26 ft wide roadway and two 3 ft sidewalks. The center portion of the bridge spans 300 ft, flanked by 250 ft end spans. The 70 ft north approach span and the 100 ft south approach span are supported by steel plate girders. The bridge played a significant role in the construction of the Chief Joseph Dam just upstream, as no bridge crossing had previously existed in the area. Construction on the dam started in 1945 and was completed, apart from the powerplant, in 1955. The bridge was designed and built by the USA Army Corps of Engineers as part of the Chief Joseph dam project, and is significant for its association with the project and as a major crossing of the Columbia.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 1995.</p><br>
<p>El Azteca is one of the oldest and most intact residential neighborhoods in Laredo, Texas, with buildings dating from the 1870s representing nearly every major architectural type and style that has appeared on the border since that time.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Neighborhood east of Downtown Laredo, Roughly bounded by Interstate 35, Matamoros Street (USA Highway 83), Zacate Creek, and the Rio Grande.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>El Azteca is significant as a diverse, multi-layered cultural landscape. The neighborhood took its name from El Azteca Theatre which opened in 1922 as the Teatro Nacional, a venue for theatrical and vaudeville performances. In the 1930s, when moving pictures supplanted live theater in popularity, it became known as El Azteca movie house and showed Spanish language films. A second theater, the Iturbide Theater, operated nearby and it was known as the “Home of Spanish Vaudeville.” The neighborhood was also the home of noted residents of Mexican origin who migrated escaping the Mexican Revolution.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>Designated as a National Register Historic District in 2003, El Azteca is distinctive for its setting, layout and landscape features. The neighborhood is situated on a high bluff overlooking the Rio Grande which not only forms its southern boundary, but designates the international boundary between the United States and Mexico. Zacate Creek, a steep-walled creek that, in earlier times, provided fresh water to its inhabitants and livestock, defines its eastern boundary. Zacate Creek was the site for one of the last battles of the Civil War, the Battle of Laredo, in 1865. The first electric streetcar line built west of the Mississippi River passed through the neighborhood and crossed Zacate Creek via the Iturbide Street Bridge. The bridge and streetcar connected both the neighborhood and city of Laredo to the newly developing commercial and residential sections of the city that began growing to the east of the creek.</p><br>
<p>Cut off from the historic center of Laredo by Interstate 35 in the late 1970s, Barrio Azteca has retained much of its historic fabric. The neighborhood maintains a sufficient concentration of historic properties, some of which are rare, even extraordinary, examples of domestic and commercial vernacular architecture found only in the borderlands region of South Texas.</p><br>
<p>Virginia Furnace, also known as Muddy Creek Furnace and Josephine Furnace, is a historic water powered blast furnace and national historic district located near Albright, Preston County, West Virginia. The district encompasses three contributing structures and one contributing site. The furnace was built in 1854, and was a "charcoal" iron furnace used to smelt iron. It is constructed of cut sandstone, and forms a truncated pyramid measuring approximately 34 feet square in plan and rising about 30 feet. The district includes the nearby wheel pit, blast machinery, and salamander. The furnace remained in operation until the 1890s, and was the last "charcoal" iron furnace to cease operating in northern West Virginia. In 1933, the Virginia Furnace was acquired by the Kingswood Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution who created a roadside park at the furnace site.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Church of la Asunción  is a Roman Catholic church located in Almansa, province of Albacete Spain.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the church at this site in the then-expanding town was chosen in 1524. A number of architects including maestro Marquina, Maestro Pedro, Maestro Juan de Aranguren, Juanes de Segura, and Juan de Urrea took the work to 1579. The late-Renaissance portal has a relief depicting the Annunciation and Assumption of the Virgin. The façade was started in 1619-1624 by Francisco de Figuerola. Work continued on the sacristy, various chapels, and the bell-tower into the later half of the 18th century. From 1789 to 1805, Bartolomé Rivelles worked on the apse. The interior was decorated in Neoclassical style. Restoration took place in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral of San Juan de Albacete  is a Roman Catholic church located in Albacete, Spain. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church of San Juan was constructed in 1515 in place of a Mudéjar edifice. At this time, Albacete belonged to the Diocese of Cartagena. In the 16th century the previous Gothic vaults were demolished and replaced with the current Baroque ones. In 1936, during the Spanish Civil War its bells were melted down only to be replaced in 1947 by its current bells. It was also during this post war period, in 1949 when the principal facade was finished and the Diocese of Albacete was formed, elevating the church to cathedral status. In 1960 the lateral facade was finished in a Romanesque Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The Church of Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza  is an 18th-century, Roman Catholic parish church located in Peñas de San Pedro, province of Albacete, autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha, Spain.</p><br>
<p>The church was dedicated to Santa María de la Mayor Esperanza y Santa Librada Mártir. Construction began in 1716 under the maestro mayor Bartolomé de la Cruz Valdés, and the architect Cosme Carreras. The church was consecrated in 1747, but the tower, dome, and chapels were not complete till 1797.</p><br>
<p>The cupula has spandrels depicting the four Fathers of the Catholic church: saints Augustine, Ambrose, Gregory, and Jerome. Above among the saints are depicted Santas Quiteria and Librada and the archangels Michael, Raphael, and Gabriel. The luntettes of the presbytery depict St Thomas Villanova and San Fulgencio. The main portal is carved in baroque style and completed in 1740s.</p><br>
<p>The interior has a number of carved wooden polychrome statues mainly by Juan de Gea and Ignacio Castell. The main retablo was also designed and carved by these artists, and gilded by Francisco and Gregorio Sánchez, with paintings with stories of the New Testament by Bautista Suñer.</p><br>
<p>It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Pöyrysjärvi is a lake surrounded by the open bog on the border are of the town of Orimattila and municipality of Myrskylä. It is classied as a precious natural reserve in Päijänne Tavastia county. Apart from that the city of Orimattila classifies it as an important object for teaching of marsh types and its fauna.</p><br>
<p>The other lakes connected to the Myrskylänjoki watershed are Isojärvi, Vähäjärvi, Muttilanjärvi, Siippo, Sopajärvi, Kirkkojärvi ja Sulkavanjärvi.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental issues</h2><br>
<p>The town of Orimattila measures every fifth or sixth year some parametres related to the water. 10 July 2006 the results were:</p><br>
<p>solids: 0,029 g/l</p><br>
<p>oxygen-%: 24.0 (on the surface) / 8.87 ml/l (on the surface), 11.3% (on the bottom) / 1.1 ml/l (on the bottom)</p><br>
<p>Redox pot. (Mv): 307.0</p><br>
<p>pH: 4.2</p><br>
<p>total phosphor: 15 μg/l</p><br>
<p>total nitrogen: 380 μg/l</p><br>
<p>total chlorophyll: 15 μg/l</p><br>
<p>The Glen, also known as Glen House, is an estate and country house in southern Scotland. It is located in the glen of the Quair Water, around 5 km south-west of Innerleithen, and 9 km south-east of Peebles, in the Scottish Borders. The estate is recorded from the 13th century, but the present Glen House was built in the mid 19th century. The house is protected as a category A listed building, and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens. Besides the house, the Temple, stables, and the "Lion Gate" are also category A listed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1296, it is recorded that Sarra of the Glen swore allegiance to King Edward I of England. and a garden temple, designed by Playfair, was built.</p><br>
<p>In 1852, The Glen was purchased, along with 3,500 acre by the industrialist Charles Tennant (1823–1906). Tennant commissioned David Bryce to design a new house, which was built in the Scottish Baronial style between 1854 and 1855. Bryce was commissioned to add a tower to the house in 1874. Tennant also carried out improvements in the parks until the 1890s, adding farm buildings, a kitchen garden, estate cottages and a school.</p><br>
<p>Tennant sat in Parliament from 1879 to 1885, in which year he was made a baronet. His family became prominent members of late Victorian and Edwardian society, and The Glen was regularly used by shooting parties. In 1894 his daughter Margaret married the future Prime Minister H. H. Asquith. On Sir Charles&#39; death in 1906 the estate passed to his son Edward (1859–1920), who was created Baron Glenconner in 1911.</p><br>
<p>Following a fire at The Glen in 1905, Robert Lorimer was commissioned to oversee repairs and remodelling of the interior. Formal gardens were also added at this time, to Lorimers design. Further interior decoration was carried out by family friend Syrie Maugham in the 1920s. Another family friend, Princess Margaret, the Queens sister, visited The Glen on several occasions. The Glen remains in the possession of the Tennant family, and is leased out for film shoots and conferences.</p><br>
<p>The Nuyts Archipelago is an island group located in South Australia in the Great Australian Bight to the south of the town of Ceduna on the west coast of the Eyre Peninsula. It consisting of mostly granitic islands and reefs that provide breeding sites for Australian sea lions and support colonies of short-tailed shearwater. It also includes the island group known as the Isles of St Francis. All the islands with exception of a part of Evans Island, are located with the following protected areas - the Nuyts Archipelago Wilderness Protection Area and the Nuyts Archipelago Conservation Park.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Of the roughly 30 islands and reefs in the archipelago, those lying furthest from the coast of the Eyre Peninsula are known as the Isles of St Francis, after the largest. Most of the islands are formed of calcarenite lying on granite; where the softer calcarenite is close to sea level it has been heavily eroded by wave action.</p><br>
<p>The area is biologically unique in South Australia due to the influence of the Leeuwin Current, flowing eastwards across the Great Australian Bight and bringing features more typical of western than south-eastern Australia. In and around the archipelago the subtropical Leeuwin Current meets and mixes with the colder waters of the Flinders Current creating a biodiversity hotspot. Examples of the effect of the Leeuwin Current include the presence of plate corals and fish such as the Western Footballer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The archipelago was named in 1802 by Matthew Flinders after Dutch diplomat Pieter Nuyts, who was the senior official of the Dutch East India Company on the ship &#39;t Gulden Zeepaert ("The Golden Seahorse"), captained by François Thijssen who mapped the southern coastline of Australia from Albany to Ceduna in the course of a 1626–27 voyage from the Netherlands to Formosa and Japan. Nuyts was in the region of the archipelago in January 1627. Both Flinders and Nicolas Baudin, who also explored the area in 1802, named several of the islands.</p><br>
<p>During the early 19th Century the archipelago and adjacent coast were used as a base for sealing and for whaling, usually by Hobart-based entrepreneurs who established whaling stations on St Peter Island as well as at Fowlers Bay and Streaky Bay.</p><br>
<h2>List of constituent islands</h2><br>
<h3>St Francis Island</h3><br>
<p>St Francis Island was named in 1627 by Thijssen after his patron saint, at 809 hectare it is the second largest island in the archipelago. It is covered by a mix of grassland, saltbush and low shrubland and supports a large population of muttonbirds (estimated at 273,000 pairs). The highest point, 81 m above sea level, carries an automated lighthouse and radio beacon. It has a long history of agricultural use as well as of guano mining.</p><br>
<h3>Masillion Island</h3><br>
<p>Masillon Island is located about 2.5 km south of St Francis, it was named in 1802 in the course of Baudin’s expedition after a Bishop of Clermont, Jean Baptiste Massillon. It is vegetated with heathy shrubland and saltbush, and supports muttonbirds (39,520 pairs).</p><br>
<h3>Fenelon Island</h3><br>
<p>Fenelon Island is located about 1.5 km south of Masillon, it was named by Baudin after François Fénelon, a French archbishop and theologian. It features heathland on shallow soils and supports a large population of white-faced storm petrels (13,000 pairs), as well as a sea lion breeding colony.</p><br>
<h3>Smooth Island</h3><br>
<p>Smooth Island is a dome-shaped island with a covering of dense, low scrub, it lies 200 m north of St Francis.</p><br>
<h3>Egg Island</h3><br>
<p>Egg Island is located about 400 m north-east of St Francis, it is dome shaped with a high point 41 m above sea level. It has deep soils and muttonbirds (400 pairs).</p><br>
<h3>Dog Island</h3><br>
<p>Dog Island is located about 300 meast-north-east of St Francis, it has saltbush shrubland and muttonbirds (1816 pairs).</p><br>
<h3>Freeling Island</h3><br>
<p>Freeling Island is located about 100 m north-east of Dog Island, it was named after Major-General Sir Arthur Henry Freeling, Surveyor General of South Australia. It has muttonbirds (112 pairs).</p><br>
<h3>West Island</h3><br>
<p>West Island is located in the open ocean about 1.5 km west of St Francis, it features exposed granite surfaces and is used by Cape Barren geese. It supports a sea lion breeding colony.</p><br>
<h3>Lacy Island</h3><br>
<p>Lacy Island is located about 12 km north-east of St Francis, it was named by Flinders on 3 February 1802 after Mr Lacy, a crew member of HMS Investigator. It has low heath, shrubland, and supports muttonbirds (4740 pairs).</p><br>
<h3>Hart Island</h3><br>
<p>Hart Island was named after Captain John Hart, a Premier of South Australia.</p><br>
<h3>Evans Island</h3><br>
<p>Evans Island is located about between the two protected areas but is part of neither. It serves as a lighthouse reserve managed by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA). It features Marsh Saltbush shrubland on deep soils, and supports muttonbirds (29,472 pairs).</p><br>
<h3>St Peter Island</h3><br>
<p>St Peter Island (also called St Peters Island) is located about 13 km in length and 3,429 hectare in area, is the largest and most accessible island in the archipelago, and holds the greatest number of muttonbirds (334,800 pairs). It lies only 5 km from the mainland and was farmed from 1859 until it was added to the conservation park in 1988. Since sheep grazing ceased the vegetation has become dominated by regenerating native plant communities with patches of mallee woodland. It was named in 1627 by Thijssen after Nuyts patron saint.</p><br>
<h3>Gliddon Reef</h3><br>
<p>Gliddon Reef is an islet to the south-west of St Peter, it supports a sea lion breeding colony.</p><br>
<h3>Purdie Islands</h3><br>
<p>Purdie Islands are little more than a chain of low rocks, they were named by Flinders on 3 February 1802 after Robert Purdie, the surgeon’s assistant on the Investigator. They support a sea lion breeding colony.</p><br>
<h3>Lounds Island</h3><br>
<p>Lounds Island is covered by low, dense vegetation, it was named by Flinders on 7 February 1802 after midshipman Sherrard Lound. It supports a sea lion breeding colony.</p><br>
<h3>Goat Island</h3><br>
<p>Goat Island is a 303 hectare island lying 2 km south-west of St Peter Island, it supports muttonbirds (94,800 pairs). The wreck of the single-screw steamer, Eleni K (originally Johns Hopkins) lies on the north side of the island.</p><br>
<h3>Breakwater Island</h3><br>
<p>Breakwater Island is an islet to the south-east of Goat Island, it supports a sea lion breeding colony.</p><br>
<h3>Eyre Island</h3><br>
<p>Eyre Island is a sand island supporting large numbers of pied oystercatchers, it was named after explorer Edward John Eyre.</p><br>
<h3>Franklin Islands</h3><br>
<p>Franklin Islands – both East and West Franklin Islands are covered by nitre bush on deep soils, with breeding muttonbirds (102,080 pairs). They were named by Flinders on 3 February 1802 after midshipman John Franklin who was later to become well known as a polar explorer. Similar calcarenite-capped plateaus on granite platforms, the islands are joined at low tide by a strip of sand. Once part of the St Francis Island pastoral lease, they were occasionally used for grazing sheep. Public access to the Franklin Islands is prohibited in order to safeguard the relict population of stick-nest rats there.</p><br>
<h3>Lilliput and Blefescu Islands</h3><br>
<p>Lilliput and Blefescu Islands are small islets which were only officially named in 2007, lying off East and West Franklin respectively, they both support sea lion breeding colonies.</p><br>
<h2>Other animals</h2><br>
<p>Tiger snakes and southern carpet pythons occur in the archipelago. Greater stick-nest rats are found on the Franklin Islands. An isolated subspecies of the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus nauticus) is endemic to the archipelago and confined to St Francis and the Franklin Islands. An unsuccessful attempt was made to reestablish a colony of brush-tailed bettongs on St Francis Island, where the species had previously become extinct; a similar introduction to St Peter Island has been more successful. southern fur seals also use haul-out sites in the archipelago, while southern right whales migrate along the coast from May to October.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area status and other arrangements</h2><br>
<h3>Statutory reserves</h3><br>
<p>The majority of islands within the group are within the Nuyts Archipelago Wilderness Protection Area which was proclaimed on 25 August 2011 and was excised from Nuyts Archipelago Conservation Park. St Peter Island remains part of the conservation park which it shares with another nearby island, Eyre Island. Evans Island which was previously unalienated Crown land has only partially included in the wilderness protection area as part of the island is held by AMSA for use as a site for a lighthouse. The waters around the archipelago and adjoining the mainland have been within the 4000 km Nuyts Archipelago Marine Park since 2012.</p><br>
<h3>Non-statutory arrangements</h3><br>
<h4>Important Bird Area</h4><br>
<p>The archipelago, with the exception of Hart Island, has been identified by BirdLife International as a 110 km Important Bird Area (IBA) because it contains over 1% of the world populations of short-tailed shearwaters (with an estimated maximum of 890,740 breeding pairs), white-faced storm-petrels (22,750 breeding pairs) and pied oystercatchers (about 250 individuals). Other birds nesting in the IBA include little penguins (over 1000 pairs), Pacific gulls (about eight pairs), Caspian terns (about 250 pairs) and crested terns (at least 3000 pairs), as well as eastern reef egrets, ospreys, white-bellied sea eagles and hooded plovers. Rock parrots occur on Lounds Island and probably Smooth Island.</p><br>
<p>The Aach is a river located in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.</p><br>
<h2>Sights and structures</h2><br>
<p>In Schelklingen are the ruins of Hohenschelklingen Castle and Saint Afra&#39;s Chapel with its Gothic fresco cycle. In the Aach valley are the Hohler Fels, one of the largest caverns in the Swabian Jura and south Germany, in which archaeologically important discoveries were made. On the opposite side of the valley stands the Sirgenstein, a twenty-metre-high rock outcrop on which there are traces of a Stone Age cave dwelling and a medieval castle. Further down the valley are the ruins of Günzelburg Castle and another Stone Age cave, Geißenklösterle, and yet another Stone Age cave, Brillenhöhle Cave. In Blaubeuren are the Blautopf and, nearby, the former Blaubeuren Abbey with its abbey church, the ruins of the Rusenschloß and the hammer mill.</p><br>
<p>The Bära is a river in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The Bära is a tributary of the Danube, and originates at the confluence of the Upper Bära  and the Lower Bära . The 12.7 km Bära, together with the Lower Bära, which is longer and has a larger drainage basin, has a combined length of 26.3 km.</p><br>
<h2>Upper Bära</h2><br>
<p>The Upper Bära originates in the western part of the Swabian Jura directly on the European Watershed, near the albtrauf at the village of Tieringen in Meßstetten. Just.5 km northwest of its upper course, on the other side of Tieringen, runs the Schlichem, which flows northwest by way of the Neckar to the Rhine.</p><br>
<p>The Upper Bära runs 12.8 km southward, draining an area of 50.9 km&sup2, and runs through the following towns and cities:</p><br>
<p>Tieringen</p><br>
<p>Oberdigisheim</p><br>
<p>Unterdigisheim</p><br>
<p>Nusplingen</p><br>
<h2>Lower Bära</h2><br>
<p>The Lower Bära originates north of Gosheim at the southern foot of the Lemberg. Here also the origin lies near the European Watershed, and the insignificant streams nearby flow by way of the Starzel and the Prim to the Neckar.</p><br>
<p>The Lower Bära initially flows easterly, then with a slight bend turns southeasterly. It is 13.6 km long, drains an area of 52.4 km&sup2, and runs through the following towns and cities:</p><br>
<p>Gosheim</p><br>
<p>Wehingen</p><br>
<p>Reichenbach am Heuberg</p><br>
<p>Egesheim</p><br>
<h2>Bära</h2><br>
<p>Upper and Lower Bära join to form the Bära in the galgenwiesen ("gallows meadow"), about four kilometers above the resort of Bärenthal. This runs moderately without significant inflow a further 12.7 km south-southeast in Talschlingen, draining an additional area of 31.2 km&sup2;. Passing through Bärenthal at last it flows into Fridingen and there, near the town mill, it flows last of all in a southwesterly direction into the upper Danube, approximately at the entrance to the Friedingen Danube Bend.</p><br>
<p>Schaich is a river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Sheikh rises in Schönbuch, a mountainous forest area of southern German Keuper highlands in the Schönbuch nature park southwest of Stuttgart. The source is - not far from the Würm origin - at Bromberg. You entfließt the stallion fountain.</p><br>
<p>From there, the Sheikh flows in predominantly easterly direction through the districts Altdorf, Holzgerlingen, Weil im Schönbuch, Dettenhausen, Walddorfhäslach, Schlaitdorf and Aichtal to look out for passing the southern Betzenberg east of the hamlet of New House in the Aich opens.</p><br>
<h2>Nature reserve Schaichtal</h2><br>
<p>Schaich valley Sea</p><br>
<p>Schaich near Neunehaus</p><br>
<p>The Schaichtal is one of the most close to nature riverine landscapes in the Stuttgart area. Since 23 February 1995, the valley between Dettenhausen and new house is around 8 km long, including there flanks of Betzenberg, oak ridge and Schaichberg as nature reserve Schaichtal reported (NSG number 1,210). The 467.8 hectare area covers the counties Reutlingen, Tübingen and Esslingen.</p><br>
<p>They found here a snail that Desmoulins&#39; whorl snail (Vertigo moulisiana) that in Württemberg was believed lost and has been found only here alive. Lush riverbank vegetation, lakes and ponds characterize the scenic valley, the rare species such as kingfisher, fire salamander and dippers are here at home.</p><br>
<h2>Retention basins Schaichtal</h2><br>
<p>In 1984 Wasserverband Aich planned to dam the Sheikh with a 17 m high dam. The citizens&#39; initiative "Save the Schaichtal" prevented this.</p><br>
<h2>Bike and hiking trails</h2><br>
<p>There are some cycling and walking routes through the Schaichtal, including:</p><br>
<p>Hohenzollernradweg</p><br>
<p>Annefield is a historic plantation house located at Saxe, Charlotte County, Virginia. It was constructed in 1858, and is a well-preserved example of the Italianate style villas being constructed during the antebellum period in northern North Carolina and Southern Virginia by master builder Jacob W. Holt . Annefield is one of only two known plantation houses in Charlotte County attributed to Holt, a Virginia-born carpenter, builder, and contractor who moved to Warrenton, North Carolina, and established one of North Carolina’s largest antebellum building firms. Architectural historian Catherine W. Bishir notes: “Drawing upon popular architectural books, Holt developed a distinctive style that encompassed Greek Revival and Italianate features adapted to local preferences and the capabilities of his workshop. In addition to the more than twenty buildings documented as his work, stylistic evidence and family traditions also attribute as many as seventy more to Holt and his shop.”</p><br>
<p>Annefield is attributed to Holt’s shop because it shares many stylistic features with several documented buildings. On 17 September 2009 the property was placed on the Virginia Landmarks Register, and on 12 November 2009 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because it is a locally significant example of a relatively rare form of high-style architecture that is the work of a master builder. In addition to the main house at Annefield, stylistic evidence suggests that Holt also designed and built the Kitchen/Quarter and the Smokehouse. Other secondary buildings and sites on the property contribute to Annefield’s importance as a relatively intact antebellum farm complex in Charlotte County, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The property is located east of the village of Saxe in lower Charlotte County, and comprises approximately 190 acres between Horsepen Creek (to the north) and State Route 612 (Sunny Side Road) to the south. Open fields, woods, orchards and vineyards combine to form a bucolic landscape that has changed little in the past two hundred years. Other significant landscape features include two small ponds and an oak-lined drive approaching the main house from the south.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1760, Abraham Martin (1716–1771) patented 4,060 acres of land (including 989 acres already patented in 1746) on Horsepen Creek in what was then Lunenburg County. In 1770, Martin conveyed 899 acres of this land to William Jameson (1745–1785), a native of Glasgow, Scotland. Jameson settled the property with his wife Anne Read, the daughter of Clement Read and Mary Hill of Bushy Forest, the wealthiest and most powerful family in the region. Jameson’s alliance with a leading family in the county was an advantageous one, for he secured a number of important commissions in spite of his foreign birth, including County Justice (1772 and 1784), Vestryman of Cornwall Parish (1778), Escheator (1778), Militia Lieutenant (1778), and Militia Captain (1779).</p><br>
<p>It was Jameson who named the plantation Annefield, presumably in honor of his wife. The name first appears in the county records when the last will & testament of William Jameson dated 28 July 1784 was proved on 2 September 1785. In anticipation of a journey overseas, Jameson wrote:</p><br>
<p>“Whereas I am about undertaking a voyage to Great Britain from which it may be the will of the Almighty I may never return......To my wife Anne – my manor plantation and mansion house of Annefield, with all and sundry the appurtenances thereof during the term of her natural life... I leave to her disposal the Manor of Annefield, at her death, to which of our sons she thinks proper, still observing that the said plantation and original tract must be considered a part of such son’s heritage or proportion of land.”</p><br>
<p>Anne (Read) Jameson married as her second husband Col. Richard Elliott in 1787, who was dead by 2 November 1796 when his will was recorded in Charlotte County. On 16 March 1801, Anne Elliott, joined by her sons Clement R. Jameson and Edmund Jameson conveyed this land (apparently surveyed and found to be 908 acres and called by them the “Horsepen Plantation”) to Philip Goode, Sr. of Charlotte County. On 2 December 1805, Philip Goode conveyed the property to his two sons Thomas and Delanson Goode, who in turn conveyed it to their neighbor Jeremiah Williams in 1810. Williams died the next year, and the property passed to his daughter, Sarah Williams Hutcherson. After the death of Sarah’s husband, Collier, she married Hillary Moseley, Sr. The early nineteenth-century house that is located on the property was likely constructed during the Moseley’s ownership. Evidence gleaned through deed research indicates that the site of the original (eighteenth century) house on Annefield is not located on the current property, so the house was likely not part of the original Annefield’s domestic complex.</p><br>
<p>In 1855, Richard E. Moseley (a son of Sarah and Hillary) conveyed 870 acres on big and little Horsepen Creeks to Hillery Mackiness Langston Goode, the youngest son of Hillery and Sarah (Bacon) Goode of Charlotte County. Goode was a prosperous planter and merchant, who was named a County Justice in 1852 (but resigned in 1853), and served as Postmaster of Wylliesburg, Virginia in 1855. He later represented the citizens of Charlotte County in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1878 to 1881. Physical evidence suggests that Goode commissioned prominent and fashionable builder Jacob W. Holt to construct a house on his land that befit his wealth and standing in the community. It is not known how Goode may have come to know Holt, but the builder was well known throughout the greater region. Beginning in 1859, the value of buildings on Goode’s 870 acre tract jumped from under $1,000 to $4,370, reflecting the construction of Goode’s new “Italian Villa.”</p><br>
<p>In 1860, the USA Census indicated that Goode owned 42 slaves, 500 acres of improved land, 403 acres of unimproved land, and that the farm at Annefield was valued at $18,000. His livestock were worth $1,600, and included horses, cattle, oxen, mules, sheep, and pigs. The farm produced 528 bushels of wheat, 700 bushels of corn, 300 bushels of oats, and 18,000 pounds of tobacco. At least two of Goode’s sons served in the Civil War just a few years later. Hillery Langston Goode (1846–1921 or 1925) attended the Virginia Military Institute (Class of 1867) and saw action at New Market, Virginia, along with other V.M.I. cadets in May 1864. Richard Bennett Goode (1845–1913) enlisted in the First Richmond Howitzers at age 17, and saw action at Second Manassas, Orange Court House, Gettysburg, and was paroled at Appomattox. A third son, William E. Goode, may have served in the 52nd Virginia Regiment, but this is unconfirmed at this time.</p><br>
<p>Agriculture continued to be an integral part of life at Annefield during the 1880s, although at $5,000, the farm was not as valuable as it was before the American Civil War. One hundred and fifty acres of the property were tilled, 20 acres were in meadows, and 100 acres were wooded. Generally, Goode owned less livestock than in 1860, and his grain production had declined as well. Fifteen acres of oats produced 60 bushels, 30 acres of corn produced 800 bushels, 11 acres of wheat produced 180 bushels, and 6 acres of tobacco produced 3,000 pounds (1/5 of 1860’s production). His orchard occupied at least 10 acres; 100 apple trees produced 500 bushels, and 100 peach trees produced 200 bushels.</p><br>
<p>Hillery M.L. Goode and his wife Sarah executed a Deed of Trust on 21 April 1870 with Zachariah Bugg to secure certain debts. Apparently they failed to meet the terms of this Deed of Trust, for in September 1882, 470 acres of the land was sold at public auction to John Booker of Richmond. The Trustee’s Sale advertisement that appeared in the Charlotte Gazette of Thursday, August 3, 1882 read, in part:</p><br>
<p>"At MOSSINGFORD DEPOT, R. & Dan R.R. The Tract of Land on which H.M.L. Goode now resides, containing 889 ½ acres, more or less, lying in Charlotte county, Va., not far from Mossingford, on the R. & D. R.R. The improvements consist of a nice dwelling of six rooms, with all convenient outhouses, barns, &c. Has a large and valuable Orchard. Portions of the tract are heavily timbered; has fine bottom land on Little and Big Horsepen Creeks. This is a truly valuable farm. It is susceptible to being divided into two tracts, and will be sold as such if desired by bidders."</p><br>
<p>The farm was indeed sold in two tracts, for the Land Tax Book for 1884 notes that Goode was taxed on 889½ acres of land on Horsepen Creek and his residence is given as Tennessee. In the Land Tax Book for 1885 he was taxed on 419½ acres and his residence is still given as Tennessee, with the records noting that 470 acres had been sold to John Booker of Richmond by W.E. Holmes, Special Commissioner. The property was almost immediately transferred to Robert D. Adams (b. 1834), a farmer, who held Annefield until 1908, when he and his wife Laura conveyed it to Henry C. Marshall (b. 1870), superintendent of the nearby State Experimental Farm, in 1910. In October 1942, Marshall and his wife Emma Gray conveyed the property to James W. Scott (1901–1963) and Julia T. Scott. The Scott family held the property until 1992, when approximately half of the land was conveyed to a lumber company, while the remaining 190 acres with the house and outbuildings was sold to investors from North Carolina. These investors maintained the property and in 2005 conveyed it to the present owners, who undertook a substantial rehabilitation of the house and in 2009 listed the property in the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Annefield’s significance is derived from the fact that it is a relatively rare example of the well-developed Italianate architectural style in Charlotte County, Virginia. Elements of Jacob W. Holt’s interpretation of the Italianate style within Annefield include a stereotypical Holt front entryway featuring double doors with arched panels, surrounded by arched sidelights, and a round-ended transom flanked by a pair of round “pinwheel” windows. Other features include a fenestration pattern displaying pairs of arched windows matching those found in the entryway, a deep, bracketed cornice, and a mantel design that seems to be unique to Holt: a progressively-styled Italianate mantel from William H. Ranlett’s The Architect (Volume I, plate 52) with the insertion of a Greek Revival-style frieze roll just above the firebox opening.</p><br>
<p>Another factor contributing to the significance of Annefield is the house’s attribution to Jacob W. Holt, a prominent master builder of Piedmont Virginia and North Carolina during the middle to late nineteenth century. Holt performed the overwhelming majority of his work in Mecklenburg County, Virginia and Warren County, North Carolina. Outside of Mecklenburg County, Holt is only credited with constructing (or influencing the construction of) nine Virginia houses. According to noted Holt scholar Catherine W. Bishir, only two Charlotte County houses (including Annefield) are attributed to the builder.</p><br>
<p>Generally, buildings that are attributed to Holt are placed in this category because they possess stylistic similarities with other buildings that are documented to have been built by J.W. Holt. A prime example of a Holt-documented house is Dr. Robert D. Baskerville’s Eureka in Mecklenburg County, Virginia. An 1857 contract between Baskerville and Holt specified the design to be a modified version of a plate in Ranlett’s Architect. The building was to be completed by 15 August 1858 at a cost of $4,885.00. While the floor plan of the villa described by Ranlett was used, the façade elevation was modified to suit the needs of the client. Mantels, windows, and other architectural details for Eureka did not follow Ranlett’s specifications, but rather conformed in character to what Holt had included in previous buildings. According to Catherine Bishir, Eureka was “perhaps Holt&#39;s grandest private project, bearing the stamp of his standardized detail but in its dramatic towered form and atypical plan reflecting the productive cooperation of builder and adventuresome client.” Franklin County, North Carolina’s Vine Hill is also documented to have been built by Jacob W. Holt by a 5 September 1856 contract. The front entryway and Palladian windows of Eureka and Vine Hill, both documented Holt houses, are identical to that found at Annefield.</p><br>
<h2>Plantation Complex</h2><br>
<p>The Main House, c. 1858. Sited on the highest point of the property, the house was built in three stages. The oldest part of the house dates from 1858 and consists of a large main block (measuring approximately 50 feet by 20 feet) with a center hall flanking a parlor and a bedroom; a hallway and two bedrooms are located upstairs. A two-story addition in the rear encompasses a single-story section that is original to the house. This section was subordinate to the main block, both in style and scale. Construction of interior doorways and chimneys suggests that this section was built at the same time as the main block. If not, it was certainly in place by 1882, when a foreclosure sale notice described the dwelling as containing six rooms (two rooms on each floor in the main block, with two additional rooms in the one-story rear section). This rear section was enlarged to two-stories in the early 21st century.</p><br>
<p>Two interior brick chimneys rise up from the dwelling’s hipped roof, which is covered with tin shingles. The roof is accented by a deep, bracketed cornice that is typical of Italianate style buildings of the period. The entire house is covered by smooth weatherboard siding, and the corners of the main block of the building are highlighted by fluted Doric pilasters. A foundation of brick laid in the Flemish bond pattern supports the oldest sections of the house (this is relatively new brickwork. Evidence in the cellar indicates that the bond may have originally been five to six course common bond). A parged concrete masonry unit foundation supports a late nineteenth or early twentieth century addition to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The main block of the villa is set apart by the use of double-arched windows set within a square casing, a motif consistent throughout the main block of house, taking the form of a simple Roman arch in the front door and the interior doors of the principal rooms. The form of the front windows is identical to that of Engleside (Warrenton, North Carolina) and Pool Rock (Vance County, North Carolina), both of which are attributed to Jacob W. Holt. Holt likely received his inspiration from Ranlett’s “Italian Villa Design #31.”</p><br>
<p>A central hall with staircase on the first floor is flanked by two rooms on each side. Each room opens into the stair hall, and the rooms on each side of the hall connect via a doorway as well. To the rear of the house, a one-story porch that was added in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century has been enclosed, and now contains a kitchen, bathroom and pantry.</p><br>
<p>The house as originally built had four main rooms on the first floor, and two rooms on the second floor. The house as currently configured has five main rooms on the first floor and three on the second floor. The principal rooms are heated by interior chimneys located between the front and rear rooms. Interior details continue the motifs of the exterior. The doors and windows on the first floor have massive casings with large bases. The mantels of the two front rooms combine Greek Revival proportions and a fluted frieze roll with Italianate brackets. These two mantels are identical to an example from Engleside (the John White House) in Warrenton, North Carolina. Mantels in the rear rooms and on the second floor are much simpler that those found in the two (front) primary chambers.</p><br>
<p>Quarter/Kitchen House, c. 1858. The quarter/kitchen house lies to the rear (west) of the house and measures approximately 34 by 16 feet. The hipped roof is covered by pre-formed, ribbed tin panels which are not original to the building, and the exterior of the quarter is clad in wooden weatherboard siding. A simple box cornice highlights the transition between the roof and the vertical walls. The front façade of the building is divided into four bays. The central two bays are occupied by window openings (the sash themselves are missing), and the outer two bays are occupied by doorways. This fenestration pattern is repeated on the west (rear) façade, and a window opening is located on each end of the building as well. The structure of the building consists of mortise-and-tenon timber frame construction, with studs spaced roughly every twenty four inches. Floor joists are made of logs that have been worked flat on the top face. The wall finish on the interior consists of butt-joined horizontal boards that have been limewashed. Evidence in the wall and roof structure suggests that the interior space was once divided into two rooms, with a central chimney serving both spaces. In addition to the kitchen, this building probably contained living space for the cook and her family. The 1860 Census Slave Schedule indicates that Goode owned 10 slave houses or quarters, and this may have been one of them. The location of the others is unknown.</p><br>
<p>Office, Early 20th Century. To the west of the smokehouse lies a small, 12 foot by 10 foot building that may have served as an office for a farm manager or similar individual. The building may date to the period of the main house, but construction features such as wire nails, diagonal sheathing and a roof that is not consistent with the other Holt-designed buildings (i.e., gabled instead of hipped), suggests that the building was constructed in the beginning of the twentieth century. Like the other outbuildings in the cluster, the building’s roof consists of pre-formed, galvanized metal. The exterior is clad in unpainted weatherboards. A board and batten door provides access on the north façade, and the remnants of a four-over-four sash window provided light on the south façade. A small, square, brick chimney is located in the interior of the southwestern corner of the building’s sole room, and contains a stovepipe hole.</p><br>
<p>Tobacco Barns, 19th Century. Located approximately 700 feet north of the main house is a pair of tobacco barns. These buildings each measure approximately 16 by 16 feet, are constructed of squared, lap-notched, rough-hewn logs, and are covered with galvanized metal roofs. The barns rest on dry-laid stone foundations, and remnants of vertical board-and-batten siding remain on both. The interiors of both barns exhibit evidence of the smoke-curing process, including numerous rounded poles running from end to end to facilitate hanging tobacco.</p><br>
<p>Dairy Barn, 1954. West of the main house’s complex of domestic outbuildings lies a large dairy barn that is constructed of concrete masonry units. The main block of the barn is one and a half stories in height, and is covered by a gambrel roof of pre-formed galvanized metal sheets. The upper story contains a storage loft, and is clad in weatherboards. Attached to the southern façade of the building is a one-story wing (also of concrete masonry units) that is fenestrated by six pane steel windows. Two large concrete silos rise from the western façade of the barn.</p><br>
<p>House, c. 1830. Approximately 1,100 feet southwest of Annefield is a two cell, -story frame house that probably dates from the second quarter of the 19th century. The oldest section of the house measures approximately 21 feet by 18 feet, is covered by a galvanized metal gable roof, is clad with vertical boards (covered by asphalt siding), and rests on a dry-laid stone foundation. A massive stone chimney rises from the east gable end of the house. The front façade of the building presents three bays, with an entry door in the center. This door opens into the primary chamber of the first floor, which measures approximately 17 feet by 18 feet, and was heated by a fireplace that is surrounded by a simple, Greek Revival-inspired mantle. An enclosed, dog-leg staircase leads to the garret from this room. The smaller chamber measures approximately 13 ½ feet by 18 feet, and contains a door that leads to a shed-roofed addition, which was likely built in the early 20th century. The garret is divided into two rooms, and is lit by two casement windows on the east end (flanking the chimney) and one (off-center) casement window on the west end. The entire interior of the building is plastered or shows evidence of plastering, and riven lath can be seen in many sections of the house. Small, open porches are located on the front (west) façade and the rear (southeast) façade. Based on the presence of plastered walls (even in the garret), it is unlikely that this dwelling was constructed for use by slaves, and may have been occupied by a member of the Moseley family or a plantation manager.</p><br>
<p>Slave Cemetery, 19th century. According to local tradition, a slave cemetery is located on the grounds of Annefield, approximately 1,700 feet northeast of the main house, near Horsepen Creek (UTM 17S 0711948 4089808). This area is covered by Periwinkle (Vinca minor), which is commonly used as a groundcover planting in Virginia cemeteries. A number of relatively young eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra) trees now shade the site. Evidence of at least two graves can be found via the presence of standing fieldstones and slight depressions in the earth. However, a methodical survey of the site is likely to yield evidence of additional graves. Previous owners of the property are known to have owned slaves, Hillery Goode owned more than forty slaves in 1860, and at least four of Mr. Goode&#39;s slaves were over sixty years of age at that time.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Ailsworth, Timothy S., ed. Charlotte County, Rich Indeed. Charlotte Court House, Virginia: Charlotte County Board of Supervisors. 1979.</p><br>
<p>Bishir, Catherine W. “Jacob W. Holt: An American Builder”. Winterthur Portfolio, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring, 1981).</p><br>
<p>Bishir, Catherine W. Southern Built: American Architecture, Regional Practice. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press. 2006.</p><br>
<p>Blanton, Alison S., Mary A. Zirkle, and Stacy L. Marshall. Historic Architectural Survey of Charlotte County, Virginia. Roanoke, Virginia: Hill Studio, P.C. 1998.</p><br>
<p>Carrington, J. Cullen. Charlotte County, Virginia: Historical, Statistical, and Present Attractions. Richmond, Virginia: The Hermitage Press, Inc. 1907.</p><br>
<p>Charlotte County Land Records, Charlotte County Clerk of Court, Charlotte Court House, Virginia</p><br>
<p>Downing, Andrew Jackson. Victorian Cottage Residences. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1981.</p><br>
<p>Farmer, Charles J. In the Absence of Towns: Settlement and Country Trade in Southside Virginia, 1730–1800. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1993.</p><br>
<p>Ginther, Herman. Captain Staunton’s River. Richmond, Virginia: The Dietz Press, Inc. 1968, 1999.</p><br>
<p>United States Census, Population Schedule, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930</p><br>
<p>United States Census, Slave Schedule, 1860</p><br>
<p>United States Census, Agriculture Schedule, 1860, 1880</p><br>
<p>Virginia Landmarks Commission Staff.. Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Landmarks Commission. 1977.</p><br>
<p>Virginia Landmarks Commission Staff.. Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Landmarks Commission. 1981.</p><br>
<p>Wuellner, Margarita Jerabek and Elizabeth Barthold O’Brien.. Alexandria, Virginia: John Milner Associates, Inc. 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Chola Mountains, also romanized as the Trola Mountains, are a northern subrange of the Shaluli Mountains in western Sichuan Province，China. The mountains were once at the centre of the Kingdom of Derge and many remnant Tibetan Buddhist monasteries can be found in the mountain range&#39;s valleys.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The Chinese transliteration of the Chola Mountains is Que Er Shan. The Chola Mountains are named after the primary pass crossing the range, Cho La or Tro La. Cho La in Tibetan means Lake Pass. However, others claim, Chola is just another name for snow mountain, given by local Tibetans. Due to the Chinese transliteration of the mountains into Què&#39;ér and its common usage on official maps, the mountain range is sometimes mistakenly translated into "Sparrow Mountains" or "Bird Mountains".</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Located in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, the Chola Mountains are a result of uplift caused during the Indian subcontinents collision with the Eurasian Plate. The Chola Mountains lie on the northeastern edge of a semi-independent tectonic block as part of the greater Eurasian Plate. The mountains ranges abrupt northeastern edge is formed by the Ganzi segment of the Xianshuihe Fault where two blocks of the tectonic plate are experiencing strike-slip movement under stress.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Chola Mountains run in a northwest to southeast direction with the ridgeline nearest to the range&#39;s northeastern edge. The highest peak, Rongme Ngatra, is 6,168 m above sea level. Other significant peaks include Dophu Ngatra (6,119m) and Zhiltrön (5,988m). All three peaks have glaciers on their northern faces and the entire range possesses almost twelve glaciers in total with some descending as low as 4,100 m. The Chola Mountains form part of the drainage divide between the Upper Yangtze (Jinsha) and Yalong River watersheds. Major tributaries to the southwest include the Zhil Chu, Pal Chu, and Me Chu, while the northeastern flanks possess the Tro Chu. Numerous glacial-fed lakes have formed along the northeastern edge of the Chola Mountains, with Yihun Lhatso in the Tro Chu valley being the most notable.</p><br>
<p>On the southwestern slopes and at lower elevations, the Chola Mountains are covered by sections of the Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests. To the north and east, the Tibetan Plateau consists of montane grasslands and shrublands including the Southeast Tibet shrub and meadows ecoregion.</p><br>
<h2>Human activity</h2><br>
<p>The Chola Mountains southwestern hills and valleys were historically at the heartland of the Derge Kingdom in the Kham region of Tibet. The kingdoms capital was Derge, located in the Zhil Chu valley of the Chola foothills. Cho La (Cho Pass) was an important link across the mountains, connecting Derge and central Tibet with the Garze and Sichuan basin regions. The Chola foothills possessed hundreds of monasteries until Chinese annexation in the 20th century. Many of these monasteries were associated with fringe branches of Tibetan Buddhism including Nyingma, Sakya, Kagyu, and the Rimé movement. Today, major monasteries in the Chola Mountains&#39; foothills and valleys include the Palpung Monastery, Gongchen Monastery, Dzongsar Monastery, and Dzogchen Monastery.</p><br>
<p>Administratively, today the Chola Mountains are primarily within Dege County, Garze Prefecture, in Sichuan. A small portion of the mountains in the south pass into neighbouring Baiyu County. Derge remains as the primary urban centre in the mountain range, although the Pal Chu and Me Chu valleys also contain concentrations of villages. National Highway G-317, also known as the Northern Sichuan-Tibet Highway, crosses the range at 4,916 m above sea level via Cho La between Manigango and Derge. In 2016, the Chinese government completed construction of a new long tunnel bypassing the mountain pass and is the highest vehicular tunnel in the world.</p><br>
